More uint type fixes

Added disable logic

.gitignore

@@ -7,15 +7,9 @@ Release/*
 .pio/
 .vscode/
 config.h
-.vscode/*
-# mySetup.h
 mySetup.cpp
 myHal.cpp
-# myAutomation.h
 myFilter.cpp
-# myAutomation.h
-# myLayout.h
 my*.h
 !my*.example.h
-.vscode/extensions.json
+compile_commands.json
-.vscode/extensions.json

.vscode/extensions.json

@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-{
-    // See http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=827846
-    // for the documentation about the extensions.json format
-    "recommendations": [
-        "platformio.platformio-ide"
-    ],
-    "unwantedRecommendations": [
-        "ms-vscode.cpptools-extension-pack"
-    ]
-}

.vscode/settings.json

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "files.associations": {
-        "array": "cpp",
-        "deque": "cpp",
-        "string": "cpp",
-        "unordered_map": "cpp",
-        "vector": "cpp",
-        "string_view": "cpp",
-        "initializer_list": "cpp",
-        "cstdint": "cpp"
-    }
-}

CommandDistributor.cpp

@@ -179,10 +179,7 @@ void CommandDistributor::setClockTime(int16_t clocktime, int8_t clockrate, byte
   {
     case 1:
       if (clocktime != lastclocktime){
-        if (Diag::CMD) {                    
+        // CAH. DIAG removed because LCD does it anyway. 
-          DIAG(F("Clock Command Received"));
-          DIAG(F("Received Clock Time is: %d at rate: %d"), clocktime, clockrate);
-        }
         LCD(6,F("Clk Time:%d Sp %d"), clocktime, clockrate);
         // look for an event for this time
         RMFT2::clockEvent(clocktime,1);
@@ -236,3 +233,7 @@ void CommandDistributor::broadcastText(const FSH * msg) {
   broadcastReply(WITHROTTLE_TYPE, F("Hm%S\n"), msg);
 #endif
 }
+
+void CommandDistributor::broadcastTrackState(const FSH* format,byte trackLetter,int16_t dcAddr) {
+  broadcastReply(COMMAND_TYPE, format,trackLetter,dcAddr);
+}

CommandDistributor.h

@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ public :
   static int16_t retClockTime();
   static void broadcastPower();
   static void broadcastText(const FSH * msg);
+  static void broadcastTrackState(const FSH* format,byte trackLetter,int16_t dcAddr);
   template<typename... Targs> static void broadcastReply(clientType type, Targs... msg);
   static void forget(byte clientId);
   

CommandStation-EX.ino

@@ -75,6 +75,9 @@ void setup()
 
   DIAG(F("License GPLv3 fsf.org (c) dcc-ex.com"));
 
+// Initialise HAL layer before reading EEprom or setting up MotorDrivers 
+  IODevice::begin();
+
   DISPLAY_START (
     // This block is still executed for DIAGS if display not in use
     LCD(0,F("DCC-EX v%S"),F(VERSION));
@@ -96,10 +99,7 @@ void setup()
 #if ETHERNET_ON
   EthernetInterface::setup();
 #endif // ETHERNET_ON
-
+  
-  // Initialise HAL layer before reading EEprom or setting up MotorDrivers 
-  IODevice::begin();
-
   // As the setup of a motor shield may require a read of the current sense input from the ADC,
   // let's make sure to initialise the ADCee class!
   ADCee::begin();

DCC.cpp

@@ -576,9 +576,11 @@ void DCC::setLocoId(int id,ACK_CALLBACK callback) {
 
 void DCC::forgetLoco(int cab) {  // removes any speed reminders for this loco
   setThrottle2(cab,1); // ESTOP this loco if still on track
-  int reg=lookupSpeedTable(cab);
+  int reg=lookupSpeedTable(cab, false);
-  if (reg>=0) speedTable[reg].loco=0;
+  if (reg>=0) {
-  setThrottle2(cab,1); // ESTOP if this loco still on track
+    speedTable[reg].loco=0;
+    setThrottle2(cab,1); // ESTOP if this loco still on track
+  }
 }
 void DCC::forgetAllLocos() {  // removes all speed reminders
   setThrottle2(0,1); // ESTOP all locos still on track

DCCEXParser.cpp

@@ -79,6 +79,8 @@ const int16_t HASH_KEYWORD_TT=2688;
 const int16_t HASH_KEYWORD_VPIN=-415;
 const int16_t HASH_KEYWORD_A='A';
 const int16_t HASH_KEYWORD_C='C';
+const int16_t HASH_KEYWORD_G='G';
+const int16_t HASH_KEYWORD_I='I';
 const int16_t HASH_KEYWORD_R='R';
 const int16_t HASH_KEYWORD_T='T';
 const int16_t HASH_KEYWORD_X='X';
@@ -342,6 +344,20 @@ void DCCEXParser::parseOne(Print *stream, byte *com, RingStream * ringStream)
             return;
         break;
 
+    case 'z':  // direct pin manipulation
+        if (p[0]==0) break; 
+        if (params==1) {  // <z vpin | -vpin> 
+            if (p[0]>0) IODevice::write(p[0],HIGH);
+            else IODevice::write(-p[0],LOW);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (params>=2 && params<=4) { // <z vpin ana;og profile duration> 
+            // unused params default to 0           
+            IODevice::writeAnalogue(p[0],p[1],p[2],p[3]);
+            return;
+        }
+        break; 
+
     case 'Z': // OUTPUT <Z ...>
         if (parseZ(stream, params, p))
             return;
@@ -501,8 +517,10 @@ void DCCEXParser::parseOne(Print *stream, byte *com, RingStream * ringStream)
         return;
 
     case 'c': // SEND METER RESPONSES <c>
-        // No longer supported because of multiple tracks                               <c MeterName value C/V unit min max res warn>
+        // No longer useful because of multiple tracks See <JG> and <JI>
-        break;
+        if (params>0) break;
+        TrackManager::reportObsoleteCurrent(stream);
+        return;
 
     case 'Q': // SENSORS <Q>
         Sensor::printAll(stream);
@@ -512,9 +530,7 @@ void DCCEXParser::parseOne(Print *stream, byte *com, RingStream * ringStream)
         StringFormatter::send(stream, F("<iDCC-EX V-%S / %S / %S G-%S>\n"), F(VERSION), F(ARDUINO_TYPE), DCC::getMotorShieldName(), F(GITHUB_SHA));
         CommandDistributor::broadcastPower(); // <s> is the only "get power status" command we have
         Turnout::printAll(stream); //send all Turnout states
-        Output::printAll(stream);  //send all Output  states
         Sensor::printAll(stream);  //send all Sensor  states
-        // TODO Send stats of  speed reminders table
         return;       
 
 #ifndef DISABLE_EEPROM
@@ -583,6 +599,16 @@ void DCCEXParser::parseOne(Print *stream, byte *com, RingStream * ringStream)
                     }
                     CommandDistributor::setClockTime(p[1], p[2], 1);
                     return;
+                
+                case HASH_KEYWORD_G: // <JG> current gauge limits
+                    if (params>1) break;
+                    TrackManager::reportGauges(stream);   // <g limit...limit>     
+                    return;
+                
+                case HASH_KEYWORD_I: // <JI> current values
+                    if (params>1) break;
+                    TrackManager::reportCurrent(stream);   // <g limit...limit>     
+                    return;
 
                 case HASH_KEYWORD_A: // <JA> returns automations/routes
                     StringFormatter::send(stream, F("<jA"));
@@ -941,7 +967,7 @@ bool DCCEXParser::parseD(Print *stream, int16_t params, int16_t p[])
         break;
 
     case HASH_KEYWORD_ANIN:   // <D ANIN vpin>  Display analogue input value
-        DIAG(F("VPIN=%d value=%d"), p[1], IODevice::readAnalogue(p[1]));
+        DIAG(F("VPIN=%u value=%d"), p[1], IODevice::readAnalogue(p[1]));
         break;
 
 #if !defined(IO_NO_HAL)

DCCTimerSAMD.cpp

@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ uint16_t ADCee::usedpins = 0;
 int * ADCee::analogvals = NULL;
 
 int ADCee::init(uint8_t pin) {
-  uint id = pin - A0;
+  uint8_t id = pin - A0;
   int value = 0;
 
   if (id > NUM_ADC_INPUTS)
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ int ADCee::read(uint8_t pin, bool fromISR) {
 #pragma GCC push_options
 #pragma GCC optimize ("-O3")
 void ADCee::scan() {
-  static uint id = 0;        // id and mask are the same thing but it is faster to 
+  static uint8_t id = 0;        // id and mask are the same thing but it is faster to 
   static uint16_t mask = 1;  // increment and shift instead to calculate mask from id
   static bool waiting = false;
 

DCCTimerSTM32.cpp

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ HardwareSerial Serial1(PB7, PA15);  // Rx=PB7, Tx=PA15 -- CN7 pins 17 and 21 - F
 HardwareSerial Serial6(PA12, PA11);  // Rx=PA12, Tx=PA11 -- CN10 pins 12 and 14 - F411RE
 #elif defined(ARDUINO_NUCLEO_F446RE)
 // Nucleo-64 boards don't have Serial1 defined by default
-HardwareSerial Serial1(PA10, PB6);  // Rx=PA10, Tx=PB6 -- CN10 pins 33 and 17 - F446RE 
+HardwareSerial Serial1(PA10, PB6);  // Rx=PA10 (D2), Tx=PB6 (D10) -- CN10 pins 17 and 9 - F446RE 
 // Serial2 is defined to use USART2 by default, but is in fact used as the diag console
 // via the debugger on the Nucleo-64. It is therefore unavailable for other DCC-EX uses like WiFi, DFPlayer, etc.
 #elif defined(ARDUINO_NUCLEO_F412ZG) || defined(ARDUINO_NUCLEO_F429ZI) || defined(ARDUINO_NUCLEO_F446ZE)
@@ -50,17 +50,106 @@ HardwareSerial Serial1(PG9, PG14);  // Rx=PG9, Tx=PG14 -- D0, D1 - F412ZG/F446ZE
 #warning Serial1 not defined
 #endif
 
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Experimental code for High Accuracy (HA) DCC Signal mode
+// Warning - use of TIM2 and TIM3 can affect the use of analogWrite() function on certain pins,
+// which is used by the DC motor types.
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// INTERRUPT_CALLBACK interruptHandler=0;
+// // Let's use STM32's timer #2 which supports hardware pulse generation on pin D13.
+// // Also, timer #3 will do hardware pulses on pin D12. This gives
+// // accurate timing, independent of the latency of interrupt handling.
+// // We only need to interrupt on one of these (TIM2), the other will just generate
+// // pulses.
+// HardwareTimer timer(TIM2);
+// HardwareTimer timerAux(TIM3);
+// static bool tim2ModeHA = false;
+// static bool tim3ModeHA = false;
+
+// // Timer IRQ handler
+// void Timer_Handler() {
+//   interruptHandler();
+// }
+
+// void DCCTimer::begin(INTERRUPT_CALLBACK callback) {
+//   interruptHandler=callback;
+//   noInterrupts();
+
+//   // adc_set_sample_rate(ADC_SAMPLETIME_480CYCLES);
+//   timer.pause();
+//   timerAux.pause();
+//   timer.setPrescaleFactor(1);
+//   timer.setOverflow(DCC_SIGNAL_TIME, MICROSEC_FORMAT);
+//   timer.attachInterrupt(Timer_Handler);
+//   timer.refresh();
+//   timerAux.setPrescaleFactor(1);
+//   timerAux.setOverflow(DCC_SIGNAL_TIME, MICROSEC_FORMAT);
+//   timerAux.refresh();
+  
+//   timer.resume();
+//   timerAux.resume();
+
+//   interrupts();
+// }
+
+// bool DCCTimer::isPWMPin(byte pin) {
+//   // Timer 2 Channel 1 controls pin D13, and Timer3 Channel 1 controls D12.
+//   //  Enable the appropriate timer channel.
+//   switch (pin) {
+//     case 12:
+//       return true;
+//     case 13:
+//       return true;
+//     default:
+//       return false;
+//   }
+// }
+
+// void DCCTimer::setPWM(byte pin, bool high) {
+//   // Set the timer so that, at the next counter overflow, the requested
+//   // pin state is activated automatically before the interrupt code runs.
+//   // TIM2 is timer, TIM3 is timerAux.
+//   switch (pin) {
+//     case 12:
+//       if (!tim3ModeHA) {
+//         timerAux.setMode(1, TIMER_OUTPUT_COMPARE_INACTIVE, D12);
+//         tim3ModeHA = true;
+//       }
+//       if (high) 
+//         TIM3->CCMR1 = (TIM3->CCMR1 & ~TIM_CCMR1_OC1M_Msk) | TIM_CCMR1_OC1M_0;
+//       else
+//         TIM3->CCMR1 = (TIM3->CCMR1 & ~TIM_CCMR1_OC1M_Msk) | TIM_CCMR1_OC1M_1;
+//       break;
+//     case 13:
+//       if (!tim2ModeHA) {
+//         timer.setMode(1, TIMER_OUTPUT_COMPARE_INACTIVE, D13);
+//         tim2ModeHA = true;
+//       }
+//       if (high) 
+//         TIM2->CCMR1 = (TIM2->CCMR1 & ~TIM_CCMR1_OC1M_Msk) | TIM_CCMR1_OC1M_0;
+//       else
+//         TIM2->CCMR1 = (TIM2->CCMR1 & ~TIM_CCMR1_OC1M_Msk) | TIM_CCMR1_OC1M_1;
+//       break;
+//   }   
+// }
+
+// void DCCTimer::clearPWM() {
+//   timer.setMode(1, TIMER_OUTPUT_COMPARE_INACTIVE, NC);
+//   tim2ModeHA = false;
+//   timerAux.setMode(1, TIMER_OUTPUT_COMPARE_INACTIVE, NC);  
+//   tim3ModeHA = false;
+// }
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
 INTERRUPT_CALLBACK interruptHandler=0;
-// Let's use STM32's timer #2 which supports hardware pulse generation on pin D13.
+// Let's use STM32's timer #11 until disabused of this notion
-// Also, timer #3 will do hardware pulses on pin D12. This gives
+// Timer #11 is used for "servo" library, but as DCC-EX is not using
-// accurate timing, independent of the latency of interrupt handling.
+// this libary, we should be free and clear.
-// We only need to interrupt on one of these (TIM2), the other will just generate
+HardwareTimer timer(TIM11);
-// pulses.
-HardwareTimer timer(TIM2);
-HardwareTimer timerAux(TIM3);
 
 // Timer IRQ handler
-void Timer_Handler() {
+void Timer11_Handler() {
   interruptHandler();
 }
 
@@ -70,59 +159,31 @@ void DCCTimer::begin(INTERRUPT_CALLBACK callback) {
 
   // adc_set_sample_rate(ADC_SAMPLETIME_480CYCLES);
   timer.pause();
-  timerAux.pause();
   timer.setPrescaleFactor(1);
+//  timer.setOverflow(CLOCK_CYCLES * 2);
   timer.setOverflow(DCC_SIGNAL_TIME, MICROSEC_FORMAT);
-  timer.attachInterrupt(Timer_Handler);
+  timer.attachInterrupt(Timer11_Handler);
   timer.refresh();
-  timerAux.setPrescaleFactor(1);
-  timerAux.setOverflow(DCC_SIGNAL_TIME, MICROSEC_FORMAT);
-  timerAux.refresh();
-  
   timer.resume();
-  timerAux.resume();
 
   interrupts();
 }
 
 bool DCCTimer::isPWMPin(byte pin) {
-  // Timer 2 Channel 1 controls pin D13, and Timer3 Channel 1 controls D12.
+  //TODO: SAMD whilst this call to digitalPinHasPWM will reveal which pins can do PWM,
-  //  Enable the appropriate timer channel.
+  //      there's no support yet for High Accuracy, so for now return false
-  switch (pin) {
+  //  return digitalPinHasPWM(pin);
-    case 12:
+  return false;
-      timerAux.setMode(1, TIMER_OUTPUT_COMPARE_INACTIVE, D12);
-      return true;
-    case 13:
-      timer.setMode(1, TIMER_OUTPUT_COMPARE_INACTIVE, D13);
-      return true;
-    default:
-      return false;
-  }
 }
 
 void DCCTimer::setPWM(byte pin, bool high) {
-  // Set the timer so that, at the next counter overflow, the requested
+    // TODO: High Accuracy mode is not supported as yet, and may never need to be
-  // pin state is activated automatically before the interrupt code runs.
+    (void) pin;
-  // TIM2 is timer, TIM3 is timerAux.
+    (void) high;
-  switch (pin) {
-    case 12:
-      if (high) 
-        TIM3->CCMR1 = (TIM3->CCMR1 & ~TIM_CCMR1_OC1M_Msk) | TIM_CCMR1_OC1M_0;
-      else
-        TIM3->CCMR1 = (TIM3->CCMR1 & ~TIM_CCMR1_OC1M_Msk) | TIM_CCMR1_OC1M_1;
-      break;
-    case 13:
-      if (high) 
-        TIM2->CCMR1 = (TIM2->CCMR1 & ~TIM_CCMR1_OC1M_Msk) | TIM_CCMR1_OC1M_0;
-      else
-        TIM2->CCMR1 = (TIM2->CCMR1 & ~TIM_CCMR1_OC1M_Msk) | TIM_CCMR1_OC1M_1;
-      break;
-  }   
 }
 
 void DCCTimer::clearPWM() {
-  timer.setMode(1, TIMER_OUTPUT_COMPARE_INACTIVE, NC);
+  return;
-  timerAux.setMode(1, TIMER_OUTPUT_COMPARE_INACTIVE, NC);  
 }
 
 void   DCCTimer::getSimulatedMacAddress(byte mac[6]) {
@@ -176,7 +237,7 @@ int16_t ADCee::ADCmax() {
 }
 
 int ADCee::init(uint8_t pin) {
-  uint id = pin - A0;
+  uint8_t id = pin - A0;
   int value = 0;
   PinName stmpin = digitalPin[analogInputPin[id]];
   uint32_t stmgpio = stmpin / 16; // 16-bits per GPIO port group on STM32
@@ -245,7 +306,7 @@ int ADCee::read(uint8_t pin, bool fromISR) {
 #pragma GCC push_options
 #pragma GCC optimize ("-O3")
 void ADCee::scan() {
-  static uint id = 0;        // id and mask are the same thing but it is faster to 
+  static uint8_t id = 0;        // id and mask are the same thing but it is faster to 
   static uint16_t mask = 1;  // increment and shift instead to calculate mask from id
   static bool waiting = false;
 

Display.cpp

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
  *     not held up significantly.  The exception to this is when 
  *     the loop2() function is called with force=true, where 
  *     a screen update is executed to completion.  This is normally
- *     only noMoreRowsToDisplay during start-up.
+ *     only done during start-up.
  *  The scroll mode is selected by defining SCROLLMODE as 0, 1 or 2
  *  in the config.h.
  *  #define SCROLLMODE 0 is scroll continuous (fill screen if poss),
@@ -51,11 +51,10 @@
 Display::Display(DisplayDevice *deviceDriver) {
   _deviceDriver = deviceDriver;
   // Get device dimensions in characters (e.g. 16x2).
-  numCharacterColumns = _deviceDriver->getNumCols();
+  numScreenColumns = _deviceDriver->getNumCols();
-  numCharacterRows = _deviceDriver->getNumRows();;
+  numScreenRows = _deviceDriver->getNumRows();
   for (uint8_t row = 0; row < MAX_CHARACTER_ROWS; row++) 
     rowBuffer[row][0] = '\0';
-  topRow = ROW_INITIAL;  // loop2 will fill from row 0
   
   addDisplay(0);  // Add this display as display number 0
 };
@@ -69,20 +68,19 @@ void Display::_clear() {
   _deviceDriver->clearNative();
   for (uint8_t row = 0; row < MAX_CHARACTER_ROWS; row++) 
     rowBuffer[row][0] = '\0';
-  topRow = ROW_INITIAL;  // loop2 will fill from row 0
 }
 
 void Display::_setRow(uint8_t line) {
   hotRow = line;
   hotCol = 0;
-  rowBuffer[hotRow][0] = 0;  // Clear existing text
+  rowBuffer[hotRow][0] = '\0';  // Clear existing text
 }
 
 size_t Display::_write(uint8_t b) {
   if (hotRow >= MAX_CHARACTER_ROWS || hotCol >= MAX_CHARACTER_COLS) return -1;
   rowBuffer[hotRow][hotCol] = b;
   hotCol++;
-  rowBuffer[hotRow][hotCol] = 0;
+  rowBuffer[hotRow][hotCol] = '\0';
   return 1;
 }
 
@@ -109,8 +107,8 @@ Display *Display::loop2(bool force) {
       return NULL;
   } else {
     // force full screen update from the beginning.
-    rowFirst = ROW_INITIAL;
+    rowFirst = 0;
-    rowNext = ROW_INITIAL;
+    rowCurrent = 0;
     bufferPointer = 0;
     noMoreRowsToDisplay = false;
     slot = 0;
@@ -118,15 +116,20 @@ Display *Display::loop2(bool force) {
 
   do {
     if (bufferPointer == 0) {
-      // Find a line of data to write to the screen.
+      // Search for non-blank row
-      if (rowFirst == ROW_INITIAL) rowFirst = rowNext;
+      while (!noMoreRowsToDisplay) {
-      if (findNextNonBlankRow()) {
+        if (!isCurrentRowBlank()) break;
+        moveToNextRow();
+        if (rowCurrent == rowFirst) noMoreRowsToDisplay = true;  
+      }
+
+      if (noMoreRowsToDisplay) {
+        // No non-blank lines left, so draw blank line
+        buffer[0] = '\0';
+      } else {
         // Non-blank line found, so copy it (including terminator)
         for (uint8_t i = 0; i <= MAX_CHARACTER_COLS; i++)
-          buffer[i] = rowBuffer[rowNext][i];
+          buffer[i] = rowBuffer[rowCurrent][i];
-      } else {
-        // No non-blank lines left, so draw a blank line
-        buffer[0] = 0;
       }
       _deviceDriver->setRowNative(slot);  // Set position for display
       charIndex = 0;
@@ -142,21 +145,49 @@ Display *Display::loop2(bool force) {
       }
 
       if (++charIndex >= MAX_CHARACTER_COLS) {
-        // Screen slot completed, move to next slot on screen
+        // Screen slot completed, move to next nonblank row
         bufferPointer = 0;
+        for (;;) {
+          moveToNextRow();
+          if (rowCurrent == rowFirst) {
+            noMoreRowsToDisplay = true;
+            break;
+          }  
+          if (!isCurrentRowBlank()) break;
+        }
+        // Move to next screen slot, if available
         slot++;
-        if (slot >= numCharacterRows) {
+        if (slot >= numScreenRows) {
-          // Last slot on screen written, reset ready for next screen update.
+          // Last slot on screen written, so get ready for next screen update.
-#if SCROLLMODE==2
+#if SCROLLMODE==0
-          if (!noMoreRowsToDisplay) {
+          // Scrollmode 0 scrolls continuously.  If the rows fit on the screen,
-            // On next refresh, restart one row on from previous start.
+          // then restart at row 0, but otherwise continue with the row
-            rowNext = rowFirst;
+          // after the last one displayed.
-            findNextNonBlankRow();
+          if (countNonBlankRows() <= numScreenRows)
+            rowCurrent = 0;
+          rowFirst = rowCurrent;
+#elif SCROLLMODE==1
+          // Scrollmode 1 scrolls by page, so if the last page has just completed then
+          // next time restart with row 0.
+          if (noMoreRowsToDisplay) 
+            rowFirst = rowCurrent = 0;
+#else
+          // Scrollmode 2 scrolls by row.  If the rows don't fit on the screen,
+          // then start one row further on next time.  If they do fit, then 
+          // show them in order and start next page at row 0.
+          if (countNonBlankRows() <= numScreenRows) {
+            rowFirst = rowCurrent = 0;
+          } else {
+            // Find first non-blank row after the previous first row
+            rowCurrent = rowFirst;
+            do {
+              moveToNextRow();
+            } while (isCurrentRowBlank());
+            rowFirst = rowCurrent;
           }
 #endif
           noMoreRowsToDisplay = false;
           slot = 0;
-          rowFirst = ROW_INITIAL;
           lastScrollTime = currentMillis;
           return NULL;
         }
@@ -167,30 +198,22 @@ Display *Display::loop2(bool force) {
   return NULL;
 }
 
-bool Display::findNextNonBlankRow() {
+bool Display::isCurrentRowBlank() {
-  while (!noMoreRowsToDisplay) {
+  return (rowBuffer[rowCurrent][0] == '\0');
-    if (rowNext == ROW_INITIAL)
+}
-      rowNext = 0;
+
-    else
+void Display::moveToNextRow() {
-      rowNext = rowNext + 1;
+  // Skip blank rows
-    if (rowNext >= MAX_CHARACTER_ROWS) rowNext = ROW_INITIAL;
+  if (++rowCurrent >= MAX_CHARACTER_ROWS) 
-#if SCROLLMODE == 1
+      rowCurrent = 0;
-    // Finished if we've looped back to start
+}
-    if (rowNext == ROW_INITIAL) {
+
-      noMoreRowsToDisplay = true;
+uint8_t Display::countNonBlankRows() {
-      return false;
+  uint8_t count = 0;
-    }
+  for (uint8_t rowNumber=0; rowNumber<MAX_CHARACTER_ROWS; rowNumber++) {
-#else
+    if (rowBuffer[rowNumber][0] != '\0')
-    // Finished if we're back to the first one shown
+      count++;
-    if (rowNext == rowFirst) {
-      noMoreRowsToDisplay = true;
-      return false;
-    }
-#endif
-    if (rowBuffer[rowNext][0] != 0) {
-      // Found non-blank row
-      return true;
-    }
   }
-  return false;
+  return count;
-}
+}
+  

Display.h

@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ public:
   static const int MAX_CHARACTER_ROWS = 8;
   static const int MAX_CHARACTER_COLS = MAX_MSG_SIZE;
   static const long DISPLAY_SCROLL_TIME = 3000;  // 3 seconds
-  static const uint8_t ROW_INITIAL = 255;
 
 private:
   DisplayDevice *_deviceDriver;
@@ -48,16 +47,15 @@ private:
   unsigned long lastScrollTime = 0;
   uint8_t hotRow = 0;
   uint8_t hotCol = 0;
-  uint8_t topRow = 0;
   uint8_t slot = 0;
-  uint8_t rowFirst = ROW_INITIAL;
+  uint8_t rowFirst = 0;
-  uint8_t rowNext = ROW_INITIAL;
+  uint8_t rowCurrent = 0;
   uint8_t charIndex = 0;
   char buffer[MAX_CHARACTER_COLS + 1];
   char* bufferPointer = 0;
   bool noMoreRowsToDisplay = false;
-  uint16_t numCharacterRows;
+  uint16_t numScreenRows;
-  uint16_t numCharacterColumns = MAX_CHARACTER_COLS;
+  uint16_t numScreenColumns = MAX_CHARACTER_COLS;
 
   char rowBuffer[MAX_CHARACTER_ROWS][MAX_CHARACTER_COLS+1];
 
@@ -69,7 +67,10 @@ public:
   void _refresh() override;
   void _displayLoop() override;
   Display *loop2(bool force);
-  bool findNextNonBlankRow();
+  bool findNonBlankRow();
+  bool isCurrentRowBlank();
+  void moveToNextRow();
+  uint8_t countNonBlankRows();
 
 };
 

DisplayInterface.cpp

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 
 #include "DisplayInterface.h"
 
-// Start of chain of display handlers.
+// Install null display driver initially - will be replaced if required.
-DisplayInterface *DisplayInterface::_displayHandler = NULL;
+DisplayInterface *DisplayInterface::_displayHandler = new DisplayInterface();
 
 uint8_t DisplayInterface::_selectedDisplayNo = 255;

EXRAIL2.cpp

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  *  © 2021 Neil McKechnie
  *  © 2021-2023 Harald Barth
- *  © 2020-2022 Chris Harlow
+ *  © 2020-2023 Chris Harlow
  *  All rights reserved.
  *  
  *  This file is part of CommandStation-EX
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@
    F1. [DONE] DCC accessory packet opcodes (short and long form)
    F2. [DONE] ONAccessory catchers 
    F3. [DONE] Turnout descriptions for Withrottle
-   F4. Oled announcements (depends on HAL)
+   F4. [DONE] Oled announcements (depends on HAL)
-   F5. Withrottle roster info
+   F5. [DONE] Withrottle roster info
    F6. Multi-occupancy semaphore
    F7. [DONE see AUTOSTART] Self starting sequences
    F8. Park/unpark
@@ -105,12 +105,9 @@ uint16_t RMFT2::getOperand(byte n) {
 // getOperand static version, must be provided prog counter from loop etc.
 uint16_t RMFT2::getOperand(int progCounter,byte n) {
   int offset=progCounter+1+(n*3);
-  if (offset&1) {
+  byte lsb=GETHIGHFLASH(RouteCode,offset);
-       byte lsb=GETHIGHFLASH(RouteCode,offset);
+  byte msb=GETHIGHFLASH(RouteCode,offset+1);
-       byte msb=GETHIGHFLASH(RouteCode,offset+1);
+  return msb<<8|lsb;
-       return msb<<8|lsb;
-  }
-  return GETHIGHFLASHW(RouteCode,offset);
 }
 
 LookList::LookList(int16_t size) {
@@ -201,7 +198,7 @@ LookList* RMFT2::LookListLoader(OPCODE op1, OPCODE op2, OPCODE op3) {
     case OPCODE_IFNOT: {
       int16_t pin = (int16_t)operand;
       if (pin<0) pin = -pin;
-      DIAG(F("EXRAIL input vpin %d"),pin);
+      DIAG(F("EXRAIL input VPIN %u"),pin);
       IODevice::configureInput((VPIN)pin,true);
       break;
     }
@@ -211,7 +208,7 @@ LookList* RMFT2::LookListLoader(OPCODE op1, OPCODE op2, OPCODE op3) {
     case OPCODE_IFGTE:
     case OPCODE_IFLT:
     case OPCODE_DRIVE: {
-      DIAG(F("EXRAIL analog input vpin %d"),(VPIN)operand);
+      DIAG(F("EXRAIL analog input VPIN %u"),(VPIN)operand);
       IODevice::configureAnalogIn((VPIN)operand);
       break;
     }
@@ -243,8 +240,9 @@ LookList* RMFT2::LookListLoader(OPCODE op1, OPCODE op2, OPCODE op3) {
         
     case OPCODE_AUTOSTART:
       // automatically create a task from here at startup.
-      // but we will do one at 0 anyway by default.
+      // Removed if (progCounter>0) check 4.2.31 because 
-      if (progCounter>0) new RMFT2(progCounter);
+      // default start it top of file is now removed. .   
+      new RMFT2(progCounter);
       break;
       
     default: // Ignore
@@ -255,7 +253,7 @@ LookList* RMFT2::LookListLoader(OPCODE op1, OPCODE op2, OPCODE op3) {
 
   DIAG(F("EXRAIL %db, fl=%d"),progCounter,MAX_FLAGS);
 
-  new RMFT2(0); // add the startup route
+  // Removed for 4.2.31  new RMFT2(0); // add the startup route
   diag=saved_diag;
 }
 

EthernetInterface.cpp

@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ bool EthernetInterface::checkLink() {
       DIAG(F("Ethernet cable connected"));
       connected=true;
       #ifdef IP_ADDRESS
-      setLocalIP(IP_ADDRESS);               // for static IP, set it again
+      Ethernet.setLocalIP(IP_ADDRESS);      // for static IP, set it again
       #endif
       IPAddress ip = Ethernet.localIP();    // look what IP was obtained (dynamic or static)
       server = new EthernetServer(IP_PORT); // Ethernet Server listening on default port IP_PORT

GITHUB_SHA.h

@@ -1 +1 @@
-#define GITHUB_SHA "devel-202302121935Z"
+#define GITHUB_SHA "devel-202304071845Z"

I2CManager.cpp

@@ -72,18 +72,23 @@ static const FSH * guessI2CDeviceType(uint8_t address) {
 void I2CManagerClass::begin(void) {
   if (!_beginCompleted) {
     _beginCompleted = true;
+
+    // Check for short-circuit or floating lines (no pull-up) on I2C before enabling I2C
+    const FSH *message = F("WARNING: Check I2C %S line for short/pullup");
+    pinMode(SDA, INPUT);
+    if (!digitalRead(SDA))
+      DIAG(message, F("SDA"));
+    pinMode(SCL, INPUT);
+    if (!digitalRead(SCL))
+      DIAG(message, F("SCL"));
+
+    // Now initialise I2C
     _initialise();
 
     #if defined(I2C_USE_WIRE)
     DIAG(F("I2CManager: Using Wire library"));
     #endif
 
-    // Check for short-circuits on I2C
-    if (!digitalRead(SDA))
-      DIAG(F("WARNING: Possible short-circuit on I2C SDA line"));
-    if (!digitalRead(SCL))
-      DIAG(F("WARNING: Possible short-circuit on I2C SCL line"));
-
     // Probe and list devices.  Use standard mode 
     //  (clock speed 100kHz) for best device compatibility.
     _setClock(100000);

I2CManager.h

@@ -84,8 +84,6 @@
  */
 
 /* 
- * Future enhancement possibility:
- *
  *  I2C Multiplexer (e.g. TCA9547, TCA9548)
  * 
  *  A multiplexer offers a way of extending the address range of I2C devices.  For example, GPIO extenders use address range 0x20-0x27
@@ -98,11 +96,6 @@
  *  Thirdly, the multiplexer offers the ability to use mixed-speed devices more effectively, by allowing high-speed devices to be
  *  put on a different bus to low-speed devices, enabling the software to switch the I2C speed on-the-fly between I2C transactions.
  * 
- *  Changes required:  Increase the size of the I2CAddress field in the IODevice class from uint8_t to uint16_t.
- *  The most significant byte would contain a '1' bit flag, the multiplexer number (0-7) and bus number (0-7).  Then, when performing
- *  an I2C operation, the I2CManager would check this byte and, if zero, do what it currently does.  If the byte is non-zero, then
- *  that means the device is connected via a multiplexer so the I2C transaction should be preceded by a select command issued to the
- *  relevant multiplexer.
  * 
  *  Non-interrupting I2C:
  * 
@@ -138,13 +131,9 @@
 // may be extended to include multiple buses, and other features. 
 // Uncomment to enable extended address.
 //
-// WARNING: When I2CAddress is passed to formatting commands such as DIAG, LCD etc,
-// it should be cast to (int) to ensure that the address value is passed rather than
-// the struct.
 
 //#define I2C_EXTENDED_ADDRESS
 
-
 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // Extended I2C Address type to facilitate extended I2C addresses including
 // I2C multiplexer support.
@@ -184,7 +173,7 @@ enum I2CSubBus : uint8_t {
 #endif
   SubBus_No,           // Number of subbuses (highest + 1)
   SubBus_None = 254,   // Disable all sub-buses on selected mux
-  SubBus_All = 255,    // Enable all sub-buses
+  SubBus_All = 255,    // Enable all sub-buses (not supported by some multiplexers)
 };
 
 // Type to hold I2C address

I2CManager_Wire.h

@@ -77,7 +77,15 @@ static uint8_t muxSelect(I2CAddress address) {
     Wire.beginTransmission(I2C_MUX_BASE_ADDRESS+muxNo); 
     uint8_t data =  (subBus == SubBus_All) ? 0xff :
                     (subBus == SubBus_None) ? 0x00 :
-                    (1 << subBus);
+#if defined(I2CMUX_PCA9547)
+                    0x08 | subBus;
+#elif defined(I2CMUX_PCA9542) || defined(I2CMUX_PCA9544)
+                    0x04 | subBus;   // NB Only 2 or 4 subbuses respectively
+#else
+                    // Default behaviour for most MUXs is to use a mask
+                    // with a bit set for the subBus to be enabled
+                    1 << subBus;
+#endif
     Wire.write(&data, 1);
     return Wire.endTransmission(true);  // have to release I2C bus for it to work
   }

IODevice.cpp

@@ -63,15 +63,31 @@ void IODevice::begin() {
   if (exrailHalSetup)
     exrailHalSetup();
 
-  // Predefine two PCA9685 modules 0x40-0x41
+  // Predefine two PCA9685 modules 0x40-0x41 if no conflicts
   // Allocates 32 pins 100-131
-  PCA9685::create(100, 16, 0x40);
+  if (checkNoOverlap(100, 16, 0x40)) {
-  PCA9685::create(116, 16, 0x41);
+    PCA9685::create(100, 16, 0x40);
+  } else {
+    DIAG(F("Default PCA9685 at I2C 0x40 disabled due to configured user device"));
+  }
+  if (checkNoOverlap(116, 16, 0x41)) {
+    PCA9685::create(116, 16, 0x41);
+  } else {
+    DIAG(F("Default PCA9685 at I2C 0x41 disabled due to configured user device"));
+  }
   
-  // Predefine two MCP23017 module 0x20/0x21
+  // Predefine two MCP23017 module 0x20/0x21 if no conflicts
   // Allocates 32 pins 164-195
-  MCP23017::create(164, 16, 0x20);
+  if (checkNoOverlap(164, 16, 0x20)) {
-  MCP23017::create(180, 16, 0x21);
+    MCP23017::create(164, 16, 0x20);
+  } else {
+    DIAG(F("Default MCP23017 at I2C 0x20 disabled due to configured user device"));
+  }
+  if (checkNoOverlap(180, 16, 0x21)) {
+    MCP23017::create(180, 16, 0x21);
+  } else {
+    DIAG(F("Default MCP23017 at I2C 0x21 disabled due to configured user device"));
+  }
 }
 
 // reset() function to reinitialise all devices
@@ -169,7 +185,7 @@ bool IODevice::hasCallback(VPIN vpin) {
 
 // Display (to diagnostics) details of the device.
 void IODevice::_display() {
-  DIAG(F("Unknown device Vpins:%d-%d %S"), 
+  DIAG(F("Unknown device Vpins:%u-%u %S"), 
     (int)_firstVpin, (int)_firstVpin+_nPins-1, _deviceState==DEVSTATE_FAILED ? F("OFFLINE") : F(""));
 }
 
@@ -179,7 +195,7 @@ bool IODevice::configure(VPIN vpin, ConfigTypeEnum configType, int paramCount, i
   IODevice *dev = findDevice(vpin);
   if (dev) return dev->_configure(vpin, configType, paramCount, params);
 #ifdef DIAG_IO
-  DIAG(F("IODevice::configure(): Vpin ID %d not found!"), (int)vpin);
+  DIAG(F("IODevice::configure(): VPIN %u not found!"), (int)vpin);
 #endif
   return false;
 }
@@ -191,7 +207,7 @@ int IODevice::read(VPIN vpin) {
       return dev->_read(vpin);
   }
 #ifdef DIAG_IO
-  DIAG(F("IODevice::read(): Vpin %d not found!"), (int)vpin);
+  DIAG(F("IODevice::read(): VPIN %u not found!"), (int)vpin);
 #endif
   return false;
 }
@@ -203,7 +219,7 @@ int IODevice::readAnalogue(VPIN vpin) {
       return dev->_readAnalogue(vpin);
   }
 #ifdef DIAG_IO
-  DIAG(F("IODevice::readAnalogue(): Vpin %d not found!"), (int)vpin);
+  DIAG(F("IODevice::readAnalogue(): VPIN %u not found!"), (int)vpin);
 #endif
   return -1023;
 }
@@ -213,7 +229,7 @@ int IODevice::configureAnalogIn(VPIN vpin) {
       return dev->_configureAnalogIn(vpin);
   }
 #ifdef DIAG_IO
-  DIAG(F("IODevice::configureAnalogIn(): Vpin %d not found!"), (int)vpin);
+  DIAG(F("IODevice::configureAnalogIn(): VPIN %u not found!"), (int)vpin);
 #endif
   return -1023;
 }
@@ -227,7 +243,7 @@ void IODevice::write(VPIN vpin, int value) {
     return;
   }
 #ifdef DIAG_IO
-  DIAG(F("IODevice::write(): Vpin ID %d not found!"), (int)vpin);
+  DIAG(F("IODevice::write(): VPIN %u not found!"), (int)vpin);
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -246,7 +262,7 @@ void IODevice::writeAnalogue(VPIN vpin, int value, uint8_t param1, uint16_t para
     return;
   }
 #ifdef DIAG_IO
-  DIAG(F("IODevice::writeAnalogue(): Vpin ID %d not found!"), (int)vpin);
+  DIAG(F("IODevice::writeAnalogue(): VPIN %u not found!"), (int)vpin);
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -314,9 +330,11 @@ IODevice *IODevice::findDeviceFollowing(VPIN vpin) {
 
 // Private helper function to check for vpin overlap. Run during setup only.
 // returns true if pins DONT overlap with existing device
+// TODO: Move the I2C address reservation and checks into the I2CManager code.
+// That will enable non-HAL devices to reserve I2C addresses too.
 bool IODevice::checkNoOverlap(VPIN firstPin, uint8_t nPins, I2CAddress i2cAddress) {
 #ifdef DIAG_IO
-  DIAG(F("Check no overlap %d %d %s"), firstPin,nPins,i2cAddress.toString());
+  DIAG(F("Check no overlap %u %u %s"), firstPin,nPins,i2cAddress.toString());
 #endif
   VPIN lastPin=firstPin+nPins-1;
   for (IODevice *dev = _firstDevice; dev != 0; dev = dev->_nextDevice) {
@@ -327,7 +345,7 @@ bool IODevice::checkNoOverlap(VPIN firstPin, uint8_t nPins, I2CAddress i2cAddres
       VPIN lastDevPin=firstDevPin+dev->_nPins-1;
       bool noOverlap= firstPin>lastDevPin || lastPin<firstDevPin;
       if (!noOverlap) {
-          DIAG(F("WARNING HAL Overlap definition of pins  %d to %d ignored."),
+          DIAG(F("WARNING HAL Overlap, redefinition of Vpins %u to %u ignored."),
               firstPin, lastPin);
           return false;
       } 
@@ -374,7 +392,7 @@ void IODevice::begin() { DIAG(F("NO HAL CONFIGURED!")); }
 bool IODevice::configure(VPIN pin, ConfigTypeEnum configType, int nParams, int p[]) {
   if (configType!=CONFIGURE_INPUT || nParams!=1 || pin >= NUM_DIGITAL_PINS) return false;
   #ifdef DIAG_IO
-  DIAG(F("Arduino _configurePullup Pin:%d Val:%d"), pin, p[0]);
+  DIAG(F("Arduino _configurePullup pin:%d Val:%d"), pin, p[0]);
   #endif
   pinMode(pin, p[0] ? INPUT_PULLUP : INPUT);
   return true;
@@ -528,7 +546,7 @@ int ArduinoPins::_configureAnalogIn(VPIN vpin) {
 }
 
 void ArduinoPins::_display() {
-  DIAG(F("Arduino Vpins:%d-%d"), (int)_firstVpin, (int)_firstVpin+_nPins-1);
+  DIAG(F("Arduino Vpins:%u-%u"), (int)_firstVpin, (int)_firstVpin+_nPins-1);
 }
 
 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

IODevice.h

@@ -467,6 +467,75 @@ protected:
   }
 };
 
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// 
+// This HAL device driver is intended for communication in automation
+// sequences.  A VPIN can be SET or RESET within a sequence, and its
+// current state checked elsewhere using IF, IFNOT, AT etc. or monitored
+// from JMRI using a Sensor object (DCC-EX <S ...> command).
+// Alternatively, the flag can be set from JMRI and other interfaces
+// using the <Z ...> command, to enable or disable actions within a sequence.
+// 
+// Example of configuration in halSetup.h:
+// 
+//  FLAGS::create(32000, 128);
+// 
+// or in myAutomation.h:
+//  
+//  HAL(FLAGS, 32000, 128);
+// 
+// Both create 128 flags numbered with VPINs 32000-32127.
+// 
+//
+
+class FLAGS : IODevice {
+private:
+  uint8_t *_states = NULL;
+
+public:
+  static void create(VPIN firstVpin, unsigned int nPins) {
+    if (checkNoOverlap(firstVpin, nPins))
+        new FLAGS(firstVpin, nPins);
+  }
+
+protected:
+  // Constructor performs static initialisation of the device object
+  FLAGS (VPIN firstVpin, int nPins) {
+    _firstVpin = firstVpin;
+    _nPins = nPins;
+    _states = (uint8_t *)calloc(1, (_nPins+7)/8);
+    if (!_states) {
+      DIAG(F("FLAGS: ERROR Memory Allocation Failure"));
+      return;
+    }
+
+    addDevice(this);
+  }
+
+  int _read(VPIN vpin) override {
+    int pin = vpin - _firstVpin;
+    if (pin >= _nPins || pin < 0) return 0;
+    uint8_t mask = 1 << (pin & 7);
+    return (_states[pin>>3] & mask) ? 1 : 0;
+  }
+
+  void _write(VPIN vpin, int value) override {
+    int pin = vpin - _firstVpin;
+    if (pin >= _nPins || pin < 0) return;
+    uint8_t mask = 1 << (pin & 7);
+    if (value) 
+      _states[pin>>3] |= mask;
+    else
+      _states[pin>>3] &= ~mask;
+  }
+
+  void _display() override {
+    DIAG(F("FLAGS configured on VPINs %u-%u"),
+      _firstVpin, _firstVpin+_nPins-1);
+  }
+
+};
+
 #include "IO_MCP23008.h"
 #include "IO_MCP23017.h"
 #include "IO_PCF8574.h"

IO_AnalogueInputs.h

@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ private:
         case STATE_GETVALUE:
           _value[_currentPin] = ((uint16_t)_inBuffer[0] << 8) + (uint16_t)_inBuffer[1];
           #ifdef IO_ANALOGUE_SLOW
-          DIAG(F("ADS111x pin:%d value:%d"), _currentPin, _value[_currentPin]);
+          DIAG(F("ADS111x VPIN:%u value:%d"), _currentPin, _value[_currentPin]);
           #endif
 
           // Move to next pin
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ private:
   }
   
   void _display() override {
-    DIAG(F("ADS111x I2C:%s Configured on Vpins:%d-%d %S"), _I2CAddress.toString(), _firstVpin, _firstVpin+_nPins-1,
+    DIAG(F("ADS111x I2C:%s Configured on Vpins:%u-%u %S"), _I2CAddress.toString(), _firstVpin, _firstVpin+_nPins-1,
       _deviceState == DEVSTATE_FAILED ? F("OFFLINE") : F(""));
   }
 

IO_DCCAccessory.cpp

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ void DCCAccessoryDecoder::_write(VPIN id, int state) {
 
 void DCCAccessoryDecoder::_display() {
   int endAddress = _packedAddress + _nPins - 1;
-  DIAG(F("DCCAccessoryDecoder Configured on Vpins:%d-%d Addresses %d/%d-%d/%d)"), _firstVpin, _firstVpin+_nPins-1,
+  DIAG(F("DCCAccessoryDecoder Configured on Vpins:%u-%u Addresses %d/%d-%d/%d)"), _firstVpin, _firstVpin+_nPins-1,
       ADDRESS(_packedAddress), SUBADDRESS(_packedAddress), ADDRESS(endAddress), SUBADDRESS(endAddress));
 }
 

IO_DFPlayer.h

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- *  © 2022, Neil McKechnie. All rights reserved.
+ *  © 2023, Neil McKechnie. All rights reserved.
  *  
  *  This file is part of DCC++EX API
  *
@@ -33,10 +33,13 @@
  *   and Serialn is the name of the Serial port connected to the DFPlayer (e.g. Serial1).
  * 
  * Example:
- *   In mySetup function within mySetup.cpp:
+ *   In halSetup function within myHal.cpp:
  *       DFPlayer::create(3500, 5, Serial1);
+ *   or in myAutomation.h:
+ *       HAL(DFPlayer, 3500, 5, Serial1)
  * 
- * Writing an analogue value 1-2999 to the first pin (3500) will play the numbered file from the SD card;
+ * Writing an analogue value 1-2999 to the first pin (3500) will play the numbered file from the
+ * SD card; e.g. a value of 1 will play the first file, 2 for the second file etc.
  * Writing an analogue value 0 to the first pin (3500) will stop the file playing;
  * Writing an analogue value 0-30 to the second pin (3501) will set the volume;
  * Writing a digital value of 1 to a pin will play the file corresponding to that pin, e.g.
@@ -61,6 +64,10 @@
  * card (as listed by the DIR command in Windows).  This may not match the order of the files 
  * as displayed by Windows File Manager, which sorts the file names.  It is suggested that
  * files be copied into an empty SDcard in the desired order, one at a time.
+ * 
+ * The driver now polls the device for its current status every second.  Should the device
+ * fail to respond it will be marked off-line and its busy indicator cleared, to avoid
+ * lock-ups in automation scripts that are executing for a WAITFOR().
  */
 
 #ifndef IO_DFPlayer_h
@@ -74,21 +81,13 @@ private:
   HardwareSerial *_serial;
   bool _playing = false;
   uint8_t _inputIndex = 0;
-  unsigned long _commandSendTime; // Allows timeout processing
+  unsigned long _commandSendTime; // Time (us) that last transmit took place.
-  uint8_t _lastVolumeLevel = MAXVOLUME;
+  unsigned long _timeoutTime;
-
+  uint8_t _recvCMD;  // Last received command code byte
-  // When two commands are sent in quick succession, the device sometimes 
+  bool _awaitingResponse = false;
-  // fails to execute one.  A delay is required between successive commands.
+  uint8_t _requestedVolumeLevel = MAXVOLUME;
-  // This could be implemented by buffering commands and outputting them
+  uint8_t _currentVolume = MAXVOLUME;
-  // from the loop() function, but it would somewhat complicate the 
+  int _requestedSong = -1;  // -1=none, 0=stop, >0=file number
-  // driver.  A simpler solution is to output a number of NUL pad characters
-  // between successive command strings if there isn't sufficient elapsed time
-  // between them.  At 9600 baud, each pad character takes approximately
-  // 1ms to complete.  Experiments indicate that the minimum number of pads
-  // for reliable operation is 17.  This gives 17.7ms between the end of one
-  // command and the beginning of the next, or 28ms between successive commands
-  // being completed.  I've allowed 20 characters, which is almost 21ms.
-  const int numPadCharacters = 20;  // Number of pad characters between commands
   
 public:
  
@@ -113,66 +112,151 @@ protected:
 
     // Send a query to the device to see if it responds
     sendPacket(0x42); 
-    _commandSendTime = micros();
+    _timeoutTime = micros() + 5000000UL;  // 5 second timeout
+    _awaitingResponse = true;
   }
 
   void _loop(unsigned long currentMicros) override {
-    // Check for incoming data on _serial, and update busy flag accordingly.
+
-    // Expected message is in the form "7E FF 06 3D xx xx xx xx xx EF"
+    // Read responses from device
-    while (_serial->available()) {
+    processIncoming();
-      int c = _serial->read();
+
-      if (c == 0x7E && _inputIndex == 0) 
+    // Check if a command sent to device has timed out.  Allow 0.5 second for response
-        _inputIndex = 1;
+    if (_awaitingResponse && (int32_t)(currentMicros - _timeoutTime) > 0) {
-      else if ((c==0xFF && _inputIndex==1)
-            || (c==0x3D && _inputIndex==3) 
-            || (_inputIndex >=4 && _inputIndex <= 8))
-        _inputIndex++;
-      else if (c==0x06 && _inputIndex==2) { 
-        // Valid message prefix, so consider the device online
-        if (_deviceState==DEVSTATE_INITIALISING) {
-          _deviceState = DEVSTATE_NORMAL;
-          #ifdef DIAG_IO
-          _display();
-          #endif
-        }
-        _inputIndex++;
-      } else if (c==0xEF && _inputIndex==9) {
-        // End of play
-        if (_playing) {
-          #ifdef DIAG_IO
-          DIAG(F("DFPlayer: Finished"));
-          #endif
-          _playing = false;
-        }
-        _inputIndex = 0;
-      } else 
-        _inputIndex = 0;  // Unrecognised character sequence, start again!
-    }
-    // Check if the initial prompt to device has timed out.  Allow 5 seconds
-    if (_deviceState == DEVSTATE_INITIALISING && currentMicros - _commandSendTime > 5000000UL) {
       DIAG(F("DFPlayer device not responding on serial port"));
       _deviceState = DEVSTATE_FAILED;
+      _awaitingResponse = false;
+      _playing = false;
     }
+
+    // Send any commands that need to go.
+    processOutgoing(currentMicros);
+
     delayUntil(currentMicros + 10000); // Only enter every 10ms
   }
 
+  // Check for incoming data on _serial, and update busy flag and other state accordingly
+  void processIncoming() {
+    // Expected message is in the form "7E FF 06 3D xx xx xx xx xx EF"
+    bool ok = false;
+    while (_serial->available()) {
+      int c = _serial->read();
+      switch (_inputIndex) {
+        case 0:
+          if (c == 0x7E) ok = true;
+          break;
+        case 1:
+          if (c == 0xFF) ok = true;
+          break;
+        case 2:
+          if (c== 0x06) ok = true;
+          break;
+        case 3:
+          _recvCMD = c; // CMD byte
+          ok = true;
+          break;
+        case 6:
+          switch (_recvCMD) {
+            case 0x42:
+              // Response to status query
+              _playing = (c != 0);
+              // Mark the device online and cancel timeout
+              if (_deviceState==DEVSTATE_INITIALISING) {
+                _deviceState = DEVSTATE_NORMAL;
+                #ifdef DIAG_IO
+                _display();
+                #endif
+              }
+              _awaitingResponse = false;
+              break;
+            case 0x3d:
+              // End of play
+              if (_playing) {
+                #ifdef DIAG_IO
+                DIAG(F("DFPlayer: Finished"));
+                #endif
+                _playing = false;
+              }
+              break;
+            case 0x40:
+              // Error code
+              DIAG(F("DFPlayer: Error %d returned from device"), c);
+              _playing = false;
+              break;
+          }
+          ok = true;
+          break;
+        case 4: case 5: case 7: case 8: 
+          ok = true;  // Skip over these bytes in message.
+          break;
+        case 9:
+          if (c==0xef) {
+            // Message finished
+          }
+          break;
+        default:
+          break;
+      }
+      if (ok)
+        _inputIndex++;  // character as expected, so increment index
+      else
+        _inputIndex = 0;  // otherwise reset.
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Send any commands that need to be sent
+  void processOutgoing(unsigned long currentMicros) {
+
+    // When two commands are sent in quick succession, the device will often fail to 
+    // execute one.  Testing has indicated that a delay of 100ms or more is required
+    // between successive commands to get reliable operation.
+    // If 100ms has elapsed since the last thing sent, then check if there's some output to do.
+    if (((int32_t)currentMicros - _commandSendTime) > 100000) {
+      if (_currentVolume > _requestedVolumeLevel) {
+        // Change volume before changing song if volume is reducing.
+        _currentVolume = _requestedVolumeLevel;
+        sendPacket(0x06, _currentVolume);
+      } else if (_requestedSong > 0) {
+        // Change song
+        sendPacket(0x03, _requestedSong);
+        _requestedSong = -1;
+      } else if (_requestedSong == 0) {
+        sendPacket(0x16);  // Stop playing
+        _requestedSong = -1;
+      } else if (_currentVolume < _requestedVolumeLevel) {
+        // Change volume after changing song if volume is increasing.
+        _currentVolume = _requestedVolumeLevel;
+        sendPacket(0x06, _currentVolume);
+      } else if ((int32_t)currentMicros - _commandSendTime > 1000000) {
+        // Poll device every second that other commands aren't being sent,
+        // to check if it's still connected and responding.
+        sendPacket(0x42); 
+        if (!_awaitingResponse) {
+          _timeoutTime = currentMicros + 5000000UL;  // Timeout if no response within 5 seconds
+          _awaitingResponse = true;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
   // Write with value 1 starts playing a song.  The relative pin number is the file number.
   // Write with value 0 stops playing.
   void _write(VPIN vpin, int value) override {
+    if (_deviceState == DEVSTATE_FAILED) return;
     int pin = vpin - _firstVpin;
     if (value) {
       // Value 1, start playing
       #ifdef DIAG_IO
       DIAG(F("DFPlayer: Play %d"), pin+1);
       #endif
-      sendPacket(0x03, pin+1);
+      _requestedSong = pin+1;
       _playing = true;
     } else {
       // Value 0, stop playing
       #ifdef DIAG_IO
       DIAG(F("DFPlayer: Stop"));
       #endif
-      sendPacket(0x16);
+      _requestedSong = 0;  // No song
       _playing = false;
     }
   }
@@ -181,16 +265,13 @@ protected:
   // Volume may be specified as second parameter to writeAnalogue.
   // If value is zero, the player stops playing.  
   // WriteAnalogue on second pin sets the output volume.
-  // If starting a new file and setting volume, then avoid a short burst of loud noise by 
-  // the following strategy:
-  //    - If the volume is increasing, start playing the song before setting the volume,
-  //    - If the volume is decreasing, decrease it and then start playing.
   //
   void _writeAnalogue(VPIN vpin, int value, uint8_t volume=0, uint16_t=0) override { 
+    if (_deviceState == DEVSTATE_FAILED) return;
     uint8_t pin = vpin - _firstVpin;
  
     #ifdef DIAG_IO
-    DIAG(F("DFPlayer: VPIN:%d FileNo:%d Volume:%d"), vpin, value, volume);
+    DIAG(F("DFPlayer: VPIN:%u FileNo:%d Volume:%d"), vpin, value, volume);
     #endif
 
     // Validate parameter.
@@ -199,37 +280,28 @@ protected:
     if (pin == 0) {
       // Play track 
       if (value > 0) {
-        if (volume != 0) {
+        if (volume > 0)
-          if (volume <= _lastVolumeLevel)
+          _requestedVolumeLevel = volume;
-            sendPacket(0x06, volume);  // Set volume before starting
+        _requestedSong = value;
-          sendPacket(0x03, value); // Play track
+        _playing = true;
-          _playing = true;
-          if (volume > _lastVolumeLevel) 
-            sendPacket(0x06, volume); // Set volume after starting
-          _lastVolumeLevel = volume;
-        } else {
-          // Volume not changed, just play
-          sendPacket(0x03, value); 
-          _playing = true;
-        }
       } else {
-        sendPacket(0x16); // Stop play
+        _requestedSong = 0; // stop playing
         _playing = false;
       }
     } else if (pin == 1) {
       // Set volume (0-30)
-      sendPacket(0x06, value);    
+      _requestedVolumeLevel = value;  
-      _lastVolumeLevel = volume;  
     }
   }
 
   // A read on any pin indicates whether the player is still playing.
   int _read(VPIN) override {
+    if (_deviceState == DEVSTATE_FAILED) return false;
     return _playing;
   }
 
   void _display() override {
-    DIAG(F("DFPlayer Configured on Vpins:%d-%d %S"), _firstVpin, _firstVpin+_nPins-1,
+    DIAG(F("DFPlayer Configured on Vpins:%u-%u %S"), _firstVpin, _firstVpin+_nPins-1,
       (_deviceState==DEVSTATE_FAILED) ? F("OFFLINE") : F(""));
   }
   
@@ -246,7 +318,6 @@ private:
 
   void sendPacket(uint8_t command, uint16_t arg = 0)
   {
-    unsigned long currentMillis = millis();
     uint8_t out[] = { 0x7E,
         0xFF,
         06,
@@ -260,19 +331,10 @@ private:
 
     setChecksum(out);
 
-    // Check how long since the last command was sent.
+    // Output the command
-    // Each character takes approx 1ms at 9600 baud
-    unsigned long minimumGap = numPadCharacters + sizeof(out);
-    if (currentMillis - _commandSendTime < minimumGap) {
-      // Output some pad characters to add an
-      // artificial delay between commands
-      for (int i=0; i<numPadCharacters; i++) 
-        _serial->write((uint8_t)0);
-    }
-
-    // Now output the command
     _serial->write(out, sizeof(out));
-    _commandSendTime = currentMillis;
+
+    _commandSendTime = micros();
   }
 
   uint16_t calcChecksum(uint8_t* packet)

IO_EXIOExpander.h

@@ -34,11 +34,16 @@
 * device in use. There is no way for the device driver to sanity check pins are used for the
 * correct purpose, however the EX-IOExpander device's pin map will prevent pins being used
 * incorrectly (eg. A6/7 on Nano cannot be used for digital input/output).
+*
+* The total number of pins cannot exceed 256 because of the communications packet format.
+* The number of analogue inputs cannot exceed 16 because of a limit on the maximum
+* I2C packet size of 32 bytes (in the Wire library).
 */
 
 #ifndef IO_EX_IOEXPANDER_H
 #define IO_EX_IOEXPANDER_H
 
+#include "IODevice.h"
 #include "I2CManager.h"
 #include "DIAG.h"
 #include "FSH.h"
@@ -64,116 +69,209 @@ public:
     if (checkNoOverlap(vpin, nPins, i2cAddress)) new EXIOExpander(vpin, nPins, i2cAddress);
   }
 
-private:  
+private:
   // Constructor
   EXIOExpander(VPIN firstVpin, int nPins, I2CAddress i2cAddress) {
     _firstVpin = firstVpin;
+    // Number of pins cannot exceed 256 (1 byte) because of I2C message structure.
+    if (nPins > 256) nPins = 256;
     _nPins = nPins;
-    _i2cAddress = i2cAddress;
+    _I2CAddress = i2cAddress;
     addDevice(this);
   }
 
   void _begin() {
+    uint8_t status;
     // Initialise EX-IOExander device
     I2CManager.begin();
-    if (I2CManager.exists(_i2cAddress)) {
+    if (I2CManager.exists(_I2CAddress)) {
-      _command4Buffer[0] = EXIOINIT;
-      _command4Buffer[1] = _nPins;
-      _command4Buffer[2] = _firstVpin & 0xFF;
-      _command4Buffer[3] = _firstVpin >> 8;
       // Send config, if EXIOPINS returned, we're good, setup pin buffers, otherwise go offline
-      I2CManager.read(_i2cAddress, _receive3Buffer, 3, _command4Buffer, 4);
+      // NB The I2C calls here are done as blocking calls, as they're not time-critical
-      if (_receive3Buffer[0] == EXIOPINS) {
+      // during initialisation and the reads require waiting for a response anyway.
-        _numDigitalPins = _receive3Buffer[1];
+      // Hence we can allocate I/O buffers from the stack.
-        _numAnaloguePins = _receive3Buffer[2];
+      uint8_t receiveBuffer[3];
-        _digitalPinBytes = (_numDigitalPins + 7)/8;
+      uint8_t commandBuffer[4] = {EXIOINIT, (uint8_t)_nPins, (uint8_t)(_firstVpin & 0xFF), (uint8_t)(_firstVpin >> 8)};
-        _digitalInputStates=(byte*) calloc(_digitalPinBytes,1);
+      status = I2CManager.read(_I2CAddress, receiveBuffer, sizeof(receiveBuffer), commandBuffer, sizeof(commandBuffer));
-        _analoguePinBytes = _numAnaloguePins * 2;
+      if (status == I2C_STATUS_OK) {
-        _analogueInputStates = (byte*) calloc(_analoguePinBytes, 1);
+        if (receiveBuffer[0] == EXIOPINS) {
-        _analoguePinMap = (uint8_t*) calloc(_numAnaloguePins, 1);
+          _numDigitalPins = receiveBuffer[1];
-      } else {
+          _numAnaloguePins = receiveBuffer[2];
-        DIAG(F("ERROR configuring EX-IOExpander device, I2C:%s"), _i2cAddress.toString());
+
-        _deviceState = DEVSTATE_FAILED;
+          // See if we already have suitable buffers assigned
-        return;
+          size_t digitalBytesNeeded = (_numDigitalPins + 7) / 8;
-      }
+          if (_digitalPinBytes < digitalBytesNeeded) {
+            // Not enough space, free any existing buffer and allocate a new one
+            if (_digitalPinBytes > 0) free(_digitalInputStates);
+            _digitalInputStates = (byte*) calloc(_digitalPinBytes, 1);
+            _digitalPinBytes = digitalBytesNeeded;
+          }
+          size_t analogueBytesNeeded = _numAnaloguePins * 2;
+          if (_analoguePinBytes < analogueBytesNeeded) {
+            // Free any existing buffers and allocate new ones.
+            if (_analoguePinBytes > 0) {
+              free(_analogueInputBuffer);
+              free(_analogueInputStates);
+              free(_analoguePinMap);
+            }
+            _analogueInputStates = (uint8_t*) calloc(analogueBytesNeeded, 1);
+            _analogueInputBuffer = (uint8_t*) calloc(analogueBytesNeeded, 1);
+            _analoguePinMap = (uint8_t*) calloc(_numAnaloguePins, 1);
+            _analoguePinBytes = analogueBytesNeeded;
+          }
+        } else {
+          DIAG(F("EX-IOExpander I2C:%s ERROR configuring device"), _I2CAddress.toString());
+          _deviceState = DEVSTATE_FAILED;
+          return;
+        }
+      } 
       // We now need to retrieve the analogue pin map
-      _command1Buffer[0] = EXIOINITA;
+      if (status == I2C_STATUS_OK) {
-      I2CManager.read(_i2cAddress, _analoguePinMap, _numAnaloguePins, _command1Buffer, 1);
+        commandBuffer[0] = EXIOINITA;
-      // Attempt to get version, if we don't get it, we don't care, don't go offline
+        status = I2CManager.read(_I2CAddress, _analoguePinMap, _numAnaloguePins, commandBuffer, 1);
-      _command1Buffer[0] = EXIOVER;
+      }
-      I2CManager.read(_i2cAddress, _versionBuffer, 3, _command1Buffer, 1);
+      if (status == I2C_STATUS_OK) {
-      _majorVer = _versionBuffer[0];
+        // Attempt to get version, if we don't get it, we don't care, don't go offline
-      _minorVer = _versionBuffer[1];
+        uint8_t versionBuffer[3];
-      _patchVer = _versionBuffer[2];
+        commandBuffer[0] = EXIOVER;
-      DIAG(F("EX-IOExpander device found, I2C:%s, Version v%d.%d.%d"),
+        if (I2CManager.read(_I2CAddress, versionBuffer, sizeof(versionBuffer), commandBuffer, 1) == I2C_STATUS_OK) {
-          _I2CAddress.toString(), _versionBuffer[0], _versionBuffer[1], _versionBuffer[2]);
+          _majorVer = versionBuffer[0];
+          _minorVer = versionBuffer[1];
+          _patchVer = versionBuffer[2];
+        }
+        DIAG(F("EX-IOExpander device found, I2C:%s, Version v%d.%d.%d"),
+            _I2CAddress.toString(), _majorVer, _minorVer, _patchVer);
+
 #ifdef DIAG_IO
-      _display();
+        _display();
 #endif
+      }
+      if (status != I2C_STATUS_OK)
+        reportError(status);
+
     } else {
-      DIAG(F("EX-IOExpander device not found, I2C:%s"), _I2CAddress.toString());
+      DIAG(F("EX-IOExpander I2C:%s device not found"), _I2CAddress.toString());
       _deviceState = DEVSTATE_FAILED;
     }
   }
 
-  // Digital input pin configuration, used to enable on EX-IOExpander device and set pullups if in use
+  // Digital input pin configuration, used to enable on EX-IOExpander device and set pullups if requested.
+  // Configuration isn't done frequently so we can use blocking I2C calls here, and so buffers can
+  // be allocated from the stack to reduce RAM allocation.
   bool _configure(VPIN vpin, ConfigTypeEnum configType, int paramCount, int params[]) override {
     if (paramCount != 1) return false;
     int pin = vpin - _firstVpin;
     if (configType == CONFIGURE_INPUT) {
-      bool pullup = params[0];
+      uint8_t pullup = params[0];
-      _digitalOutBuffer[0] = EXIODPUP;
+      uint8_t outBuffer[] = {EXIODPUP, (uint8_t)pin, pullup};
-      _digitalOutBuffer[1] = pin;
+      uint8_t responseBuffer[1];
-      _digitalOutBuffer[2] = pullup;
+      uint8_t status = I2CManager.read(_I2CAddress, responseBuffer, sizeof(responseBuffer),
-      I2CManager.read(_i2cAddress, _command1Buffer, 1, _digitalOutBuffer, 3);
+                                outBuffer, sizeof(outBuffer));
-      if (_command1Buffer[0] == EXIORDY) {
+      if (status == I2C_STATUS_OK) {
-        return true;
+        if (responseBuffer[0] == EXIORDY) {
-      } else {
+          return true;
-        DIAG(F("Vpin %d cannot be used as a digital input pin"), (int)vpin);
+        } else {
-        return false;
+          DIAG(F("EXIOVpin %u cannot be used as a digital input pin"), (int)vpin);
-      }
+        }
-    } else {
+      } else
+        reportError(status);
+    } else if (configType == CONFIGURE_ANALOGINPUT) {
+      // TODO:  Consider moving code from _configureAnalogIn() to here and remove _configureAnalogIn
+      // from IODevice class definition.  Not urgent, but each virtual function defined
+      // means increasing the RAM requirement of every HAL device driver, whether it's relevant
+      // to the driver or not.
       return false;
     }
+    return false;
   }
 
-  // Analogue input pin configuration, used to enable on EX-IOExpander device
+  // Analogue input pin configuration, used to enable an EX-IOExpander device.
+  // Use I2C blocking calls and allocate buffers from stack to save RAM.
   int _configureAnalogIn(VPIN vpin) override {
     int pin = vpin - _firstVpin;
-    _command2Buffer[0] = EXIOENAN;
+    uint8_t commandBuffer[] = {EXIOENAN, (uint8_t)pin};
-    _command2Buffer[1] = pin;
+    uint8_t responseBuffer[1];
-    I2CManager.read(_i2cAddress, _command1Buffer, 1, _command2Buffer, 2);
+    uint8_t status = I2CManager.read(_I2CAddress, responseBuffer, sizeof(responseBuffer),
-    if (_command1Buffer[0] == EXIORDY) {
+                                  commandBuffer, sizeof(commandBuffer));
-      return true;
+    if (status == I2C_STATUS_OK) {
-    } else {
+      if (responseBuffer[0] == EXIORDY) {
-      DIAG(F("Vpin %d cannot be used as an analogue input pin"), (int)vpin);
+        return true;
-      return false;
+      } else {
-    }
+        DIAG(F("EX-IOExpander: Vpin %u cannot be used as an analogue input pin"), (int)vpin);
-    return true;
+      }
+    } else
+      reportError(status);
+
+    return false;
   }
 
   // Main loop, collect both digital and analogue pin states continuously (faster sensor/input reads)
   void _loop(unsigned long currentMicros) override {
-    (void)currentMicros; // remove warning
+    if (_deviceState == DEVSTATE_FAILED) return;    // If device failed, return
-    if (_deviceState == DEVSTATE_FAILED) return;
+
-    _command1Buffer[0] = EXIORDD;
+    // Request block is used for analogue and digital reads from the IOExpander, which are performed
-    I2CManager.read(_i2cAddress, _digitalInputStates, _digitalPinBytes, _command1Buffer, 1);
+    // on a cyclic basis.  Writes are performed synchronously as and when requested.
-    _command1Buffer[0] = EXIORDAN;
+
-    I2CManager.read(_i2cAddress, _analogueInputStates, _analoguePinBytes, _command1Buffer, 1);
+    if (_readState != RDS_IDLE) {
+      if (_i2crb.isBusy()) return;                // If I2C operation still in progress, return
+
+      uint8_t status = _i2crb.status;
+      if (status == I2C_STATUS_OK) {             // If device request ok, read input data
+
+        // First check if we need to process received data
+        if (_readState == RDS_ANALOGUE) {
+          // Read of analogue values was in progress, so process received values
+          // Here we need to copy the values from input buffer to the analogue value array.  We need to 
+          // do this to avoid tearing of the values (i.e. one byte of a two-byte value being changed
+          // while the value is being read).
+          memcpy(_analogueInputStates, _analogueInputBuffer, _analoguePinBytes); // Copy I2C input buffer to states
+
+        } else if (_readState == RDS_DIGITAL) {
+          // Read of digital states was in progress, so process received values 
+          // The received digital states are placed directly into the digital buffer on receipt, 
+          // so don't need any further processing at this point (unless we want to check for
+          // changes and notify them to subscribers, to avoid the need for polling - see IO_GPIOBase.h).
+        }
+      } else
+        reportError(status, false);   // report eror but don't go offline.
+
+      _readState = RDS_IDLE;
+    }
+
+    // If we're not doing anything now, check to see if a new input transfer is due.
+    if (_readState == RDS_IDLE) {
+      if (currentMicros - _lastDigitalRead > _digitalRefresh) { // Delay for digital read refresh
+        // Issue new read request for digital states.  As the request is non-blocking, the buffer has to
+        // be allocated from heap (object state).
+        _readCommandBuffer[0] = EXIORDD;
+        I2CManager.read(_I2CAddress, _digitalInputStates, (_numDigitalPins+7)/8, _readCommandBuffer, 1, &_i2crb);
+                                                                // non-blocking read
+        _lastDigitalRead = currentMicros;
+        _readState = RDS_DIGITAL;
+      } else if (currentMicros - _lastAnalogueRead > _analogueRefresh) { // Delay for analogue read refresh
+        // Issue new read for analogue input states
+        _readCommandBuffer[0] = EXIORDAN;
+        I2CManager.read(_I2CAddress, _analogueInputBuffer,
+            _numAnaloguePins * 2, _readCommandBuffer, 1, &_i2crb);
+        _lastAnalogueRead = currentMicros;
+        _readState = RDS_ANALOGUE;
+      }
+    }
   }
 
+  // Obtain the correct analogue input value, with reference to the analogue
+  // pin map.  
   // Obtain the correct analogue input value
   int _readAnalogue(VPIN vpin) override {
     if (_deviceState == DEVSTATE_FAILED) return 0;
     int pin = vpin - _firstVpin;
-    uint8_t _pinLSBByte;
     for (uint8_t aPin = 0; aPin < _numAnaloguePins; aPin++) {
       if (_analoguePinMap[aPin] == pin) {
-        _pinLSBByte = aPin * 2;
+        uint8_t _pinLSBByte = aPin * 2;
+        uint8_t _pinMSBByte = _pinLSBByte + 1;
+        return (_analogueInputStates[_pinMSBByte] << 8) + _analogueInputStates[_pinLSBByte];
       }
     }
-    uint8_t _pinMSBByte = _pinLSBByte + 1;
+    return -1;  // pin not found in table
-    return (_analogueInputStates[_pinMSBByte] << 8) + _analogueInputStates[_pinLSBByte];
   }
 
   // Obtain the correct digital input value
@@ -185,63 +283,102 @@ private:
     return value;
   }
 
+  // Write digital value.  We could have an output buffer of states, that is periodically
+  // written to the device if there are any changes; this would reduce the I2C overhead
+  // if lots of output requests are being made.  We could also cache the last value 
+  // sent so that we don't write the same value over and over to the output.  
+  // However, for the time being, we just write the current value (blocking I2C) to the
+  // IOExpander node.  As it is a blocking request, we can use buffers allocated from
+  // the stack to save RAM allocation.
   void _write(VPIN vpin, int value) override {
+    uint8_t digitalOutBuffer[3];
+    uint8_t responseBuffer[1];
     if (_deviceState == DEVSTATE_FAILED) return;
     int pin = vpin - _firstVpin;
-    _digitalOutBuffer[0] = EXIOWRD;
+    digitalOutBuffer[0] = EXIOWRD;
-    _digitalOutBuffer[1] = pin;
+    digitalOutBuffer[1] = pin;
-    _digitalOutBuffer[2] = value;
+    digitalOutBuffer[2] = value;
-    I2CManager.read(_i2cAddress, _command1Buffer, 1, _digitalOutBuffer, 3);
+    uint8_t status = I2CManager.read(_I2CAddress, responseBuffer, 1, digitalOutBuffer, 3);
-    if (_command1Buffer[0] != EXIORDY) {
+    if (status != I2C_STATUS_OK) {
-      DIAG(F("Vpin %d cannot be used as a digital output pin"), (int)vpin);
+      reportError(status);
+    } else {
+      if (responseBuffer[0] != EXIORDY) {
+        DIAG(F("Vpin %u cannot be used as a digital output pin"), (int)vpin);
+      }
     }
   }
 
+  // Write analogue (integer) value.  Write the parameters (blocking I2C) to the
+  // IOExpander node.  As it is a blocking request, we can use buffers allocated from
+  // the stack to reduce RAM allocation.
   void _writeAnalogue(VPIN vpin, int value, uint8_t profile, uint16_t duration) override {
+    uint8_t servoBuffer[7];
+    uint8_t responseBuffer[1];
+
     if (_deviceState == DEVSTATE_FAILED) return;
     int pin = vpin - _firstVpin;
 #ifdef DIAG_IO
-    DIAG(F("Servo: WriteAnalogue Vpin:%d Value:%d Profile:%d Duration:%d %S"), 
+    DIAG(F("Servo: WriteAnalogue Vpin:%u Value:%d Profile:%d Duration:%d %S"), 
       vpin, value, profile, duration, _deviceState == DEVSTATE_FAILED?F("DEVSTATE_FAILED"):F(""));
 #endif
-    _servoBuffer[0] = EXIOWRAN;
+    servoBuffer[0] = EXIOWRAN;
-    _servoBuffer[1] = pin;
+    servoBuffer[1] = pin;
-    _servoBuffer[2] = value & 0xFF;
+    servoBuffer[2] = value & 0xFF;
-    _servoBuffer[3] = value >> 8;
+    servoBuffer[3] = value >> 8;
-    _servoBuffer[4] = profile;
+    servoBuffer[4] = profile;
-    _servoBuffer[5] = duration & 0xFF;
+    servoBuffer[5] = duration & 0xFF;
-    _servoBuffer[6] = duration >> 8;
+    servoBuffer[6] = duration >> 8;
-    I2CManager.read(_i2cAddress, _command1Buffer, 1, _servoBuffer, 7);
+    uint8_t status = I2CManager.read(_I2CAddress, responseBuffer, 1, servoBuffer, 7);
-    if (_command1Buffer[0] != EXIORDY) {
+    if (status != I2C_STATUS_OK) {
-      DIAG(F("Vpin %d cannot be used as a servo/PWM pin"), (int)vpin);
+      DIAG(F("EX-IOExpander I2C:%s Error:%d %S"), _I2CAddress.toString(), status, I2CManager.getErrorMessage(status));
+      _deviceState = DEVSTATE_FAILED;
+    } else {
+      if (responseBuffer[0] != EXIORDY) {
+        DIAG(F("Vpin %u cannot be used as a servo/PWM pin"), (int)vpin);
+      }
     }
   }
 
+  // Display device information and status.
   void _display() override {
-    DIAG(F("EX-IOExpander I2C:%s v%d.%d.%d Vpins %d-%d %S"),
+    DIAG(F("EX-IOExpander I2C:%s v%d.%d.%d Vpins %u-%u %S"),
-              _i2cAddress.toString(), _majorVer, _minorVer, _patchVer,
+              _I2CAddress.toString(), _majorVer, _minorVer, _patchVer,
               (int)_firstVpin, (int)_firstVpin+_nPins-1,
               _deviceState == DEVSTATE_FAILED ? F("OFFLINE") : F(""));
   }
 
-  I2CAddress _i2cAddress;
+  // Helper function for error handling
+  void reportError(uint8_t status, bool fail=true) {
+    DIAG(F("EX-IOExpander I2C:%s Error:%d (%S)"), _I2CAddress.toString(), 
+      status, I2CManager.getErrorMessage(status));
+    if (fail)
+    _deviceState = DEVSTATE_FAILED;
+  }
+
   uint8_t _numDigitalPins = 0;
   uint8_t _numAnaloguePins = 0;
-  byte _digitalOutBuffer[3];
+
-  uint8_t _versionBuffer[3];
   uint8_t _majorVer = 0;
   uint8_t _minorVer = 0;
   uint8_t _patchVer = 0;
-  byte* _digitalInputStates;
+
-  byte* _analogueInputStates;
+  uint8_t* _digitalInputStates;
-  uint8_t _digitalPinBytes = 0;
+  uint8_t* _analogueInputStates;
-  uint8_t _analoguePinBytes = 0;
+  uint8_t* _analogueInputBuffer;  // buffer for I2C input transfers
-  byte _command1Buffer[1];
+  uint8_t _readCommandBuffer[1];
-  byte _command2Buffer[2];
+
-  byte _command4Buffer[4];
+  uint8_t _digitalPinBytes = 0;  // Size of allocated memory buffer (may be longer than needed)
-  byte _receive3Buffer[3];
+  uint8_t _analoguePinBytes = 0;  // Size of allocated memory buffers (may be longer than needed)
-  byte _servoBuffer[7];
   uint8_t* _analoguePinMap;
+  I2CRB _i2crb;
+
+  enum {RDS_IDLE, RDS_DIGITAL, RDS_ANALOGUE};  // Read operation states
+  uint8_t _readState = RDS_IDLE;
+  
+  unsigned long _lastDigitalRead = 0;
+  unsigned long _lastAnalogueRead = 0;
+  const unsigned long _digitalRefresh = 10000UL;    // Delay refreshing digital inputs for 10ms
+  const unsigned long _analogueRefresh = 50000UL;   // Delay refreshing analogue inputs for 50ms
 
   // EX-IOExpander protocol flags
   enum {

IO_EXTurntable.h

@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ void EXTurntable::_writeAnalogue(VPIN vpin, int value, uint8_t activity, uint16_
   uint8_t stepsMSB = value >> 8;
   uint8_t stepsLSB = value & 0xFF;
 #ifdef DIAG_IO
-  DIAG(F("EX-Turntable WriteAnalogue Vpin:%d Value:%d Activity:%d Duration:%d"),
+  DIAG(F("EX-Turntable WriteAnalogue VPIN:%u Value:%d Activity:%d Duration:%d"),
     vpin, value, activity, duration);
   DIAG(F("I2CManager write I2C Address:%d stepsMSB:%d stepsLSB:%d activity:%d"),
     _I2CAddress.toString(), stepsMSB, stepsLSB, activity);
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ void EXTurntable::_writeAnalogue(VPIN vpin, int value, uint8_t activity, uint16_
 
 // Display Turnetable-EX device driver info.
 void EXTurntable::_display() {
-  DIAG(F("EX-Turntable I2C:%s Configured on Vpins:%d-%d %S"), _I2CAddress.toString(), (int)_firstVpin, 
+  DIAG(F("EX-Turntable I2C:%s Configured on Vpins:%u-%u %S"), _I2CAddress.toString(), (int)_firstVpin, 
     (int)_firstVpin+_nPins-1, (_deviceState==DEVSTATE_FAILED) ? F("OFFLINE") : F(""));
 }
 

IO_ExampleSerial.h

@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ protected:
   void _write(VPIN vpin, int value) {
     int pin = vpin -_firstVpin;
     #ifdef DIAG_IO
-    DIAG(F("IO_ExampleSerial::_write Pin:%d Value:%d"), (int)vpin, value);
+    DIAG(F("IO_ExampleSerial::_write VPIN:%u Value:%d"), (int)vpin, value);
     #endif
     // Send a command string over the serial line
     _serial->print('#');
@@ -153,10 +153,10 @@ protected:
   // Display information about the device, and perhaps its current condition (e.g. active, disabled etc).
   // Here we display the current values held for the pins.
   void _display() {
-    DIAG(F("IO_ExampleSerial Configured on VPins:%d-%d"), (int)_firstVpin, 
+    DIAG(F("IO_ExampleSerial Configured on Vpins:%u-%u"), (int)_firstVpin, 
       (int)_firstVpin+_nPins-1);
     for (int i=0; i<_nPins; i++)
-      DIAG(F("  VPin %2d: %d"), _firstVpin+i, _pinValues[i]);
+      DIAG(F("  VPin %2u: %d"), _firstVpin+i, _pinValues[i]);
   }
 
 

IO_ExternalEEPROM.h

@@ -1,141 +0,0 @@
-/*
- *  © 2023, Neil McKechnie. All rights reserved.
- *  
- *  This file is part of DCC++EX API
- *
- *  This is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
- *  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
- *  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
- *  (at your option) any later version.
- *
- *  It is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
- *  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
- *  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
- *  GNU General Public License for more details.
- *
- *  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
- *  along with CommandStation.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
- */
-
-/*
- * This device driver monitors the state of turnout objects and writes updates,
- * on change of state, to an external 24C128 (16kByte) or 24C256 (32kByte)
- * EEPROM device connected via I2C.
- * 
- * When the device is restarted, it repositions the turnouts in accordance
- * with the last saved position.
- * 
- * To create a device instance, 
- *    IO_ExternalEEPROM::create(0, 0, i2cAddress);
- * 
- * 
- */
-
-#ifndef IO_EXTERNALEEPROM_H
-#define IO_EXTERNALEEPROM_H
-
-#include "IODevice.h"
-#include "I2CManager.h"
-#include "Turnouts.h"
-
-class ExternalEEPROM : public IODevice {
-private:
-  // Here we define the device-specific variables.  
-  int _sizeInKBytes = 128;
-  Turnout *_turnout = 0;
-  int _lastTurnoutHash = 0;
-  I2CRB _rb;
-  uint8_t _buffer[32]; // 32 is max for Wire write
-
-public:
-  //  Static function to handle "IO_ExampleSerial::create(...)" calls.
-  static void create(I2CAddress i2cAddress, int sizeInKBytes) {
-    if (checkNoOverlap(0, 0, i2cAddress)) new ExternalEEPROM(i2cAddress, sizeInKBytes);
-  } 
-
-protected:
-  // Constructor. 
-  ExternalEEPROM(I2CAddress i2cAddress, int sizeInKBytes) {
-    _I2CAddress = i2cAddress;
-    _sizeInKBytes = sizeInKBytes;
-
-    // Set up I2C structures.
-    _rb.setWriteParams(_I2CAddress, _buffer, 32);
-
-    addDevice(this);
-  }
-
-  // Device-specific initialisation
-  void _begin() override {
-    I2CManager.begin();
-    I2CManager.setClock(1000000); // Max supported speed
-
-    if (I2CManager.exists(_I2CAddress)) {
-      // Initialise or read contents of EEPROM
-      // and set turnout states accordingly.
-      // Read 32 bytes from address 0x0000.
-      I2CManager.read(_I2CAddress, _buffer, 32, 2, 0, 0);
-      // Dump data
-      DIAG(F("EEPROM First 32 bytes:"));
-      for (int i=0; i<32; i+=8) 
-        DIAG(F("%d: %x %x %x %x %x %x %x %x"), 
-          i, _buffer[i], _buffer[i+1], _buffer[i+2], _buffer[i+3],
-          _buffer[i+4], _buffer[i+5], _buffer[i+6], _buffer[i+7]);
-
-#if defined(DIAG_IO)
-      _display();
-#endif
-    } else {
-      DIAG(F("ExternalEEPROM not found, I2C:%s"), _I2CAddress.toString());
-      _deviceState = DEVSTATE_FAILED;
-    }
-  }
-  
-  // Loop function to do background scanning of the turnouts
-  void _loop(unsigned long currentMicros) {
-    (void)currentMicros;  // Suppress compiler warnings
-
-    if (_rb.isBusy()) return;  // Can't do anything until previous request has completed.
-    if (_rb.status == I2C_STATUS_NEGATIVE_ACKNOWLEDGE) {
-      // Device not responding, probably still writing data, so requeue request
-      I2CManager.queueRequest(&_rb);
-      return;
-    }
-
-    if (_lastTurnoutHash != Turnout::turnoutlistHash) {
-      _lastTurnoutHash = Turnout::turnoutlistHash;
-      // Turnout list has changed, so pointer held from last run may be invalid
-      _turnout = 0;  // Start at the beginning of the list again.
-//#if defined(DIAG_IO)
-      DIAG(F("Turnout Hash Changed!"));
-//#endif
-    }
-
-    // Locate next turnout, or first one if there is no current one.
-    if (_turnout) 
-      _turnout = _turnout->next();
-    else
-      _turnout = Turnout::first();
-
-    // Retrieve turnout state
-    int turnoutID = _turnout->getId();
-    int turnoutState = _turnout->isThrown();
-    (void)turnoutID; // Suppress compiler warning
-    (void)turnoutState; // Suppress compiler warning
-
-    // TODO: Locate turnoutID in EEPROM (or EEPROM copy) and check if state has changed.
-    // TODO: If it has, then initiate a write of the updated state to EEPROM
-
-    delayUntil(currentMicros+5000);  // Write cycle time is 5ms max for FT24C256
-  }
-
-  // Display information about the device.
-  void _display() {
-    DIAG(F("ExternalEEPROM %dkBytes I2C:%s %S"), _sizeInKBytes, _I2CAddress.toString(),
-      _deviceState== DEVSTATE_FAILED ? F("OFFLINE") : F(""));
-  }
-
-
-};
-
-#endif // IO_EXTERNALEEPROM_H

IO_GPIOBase.h

@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ void GPIOBase<T>::_loop(unsigned long currentMicros) {
 
 template <class T>
 void GPIOBase<T>::_display() {
-  DIAG(F("%S I2C:%s Configured on Vpins:%d-%d %S"), _deviceName, _I2CAddress.toString(), 
+  DIAG(F("%S I2C:%s Configured on Vpins:%u-%u %S"), _deviceName, _I2CAddress.toString(), 
     _firstVpin, _firstVpin+_nPins-1, (_deviceState==DEVSTATE_FAILED) ? F("OFFLINE") : F(""));
 }
 

IO_HALDisplay.h

@@ -76,21 +76,23 @@ private:
   uint8_t *_lastRowGeneration = NULL;
   uint8_t _rowNoToScreen = 0; 
   uint8_t _charPosToScreen = 0;
+  bool _startAgain = false;
   DisplayInterface *_nextDisplay = NULL;
 
 public:
   //  Static function to handle "HALDisplay::create(...)" calls.
   static void create(I2CAddress i2cAddress, int width, int height) {
-    /* if (checkNoOverlap(i2cAddress)) */ new HALDisplay(0, i2cAddress, width, height);
+    if (checkNoOverlap(0, 0, i2cAddress)) new HALDisplay(0, i2cAddress, width, height);
   } 
   static void create(uint8_t displayNo, I2CAddress i2cAddress, int width, int height) {
-    /* if (checkNoOverlap(i2cAddress)) */ new HALDisplay(displayNo, i2cAddress, width, height);
+    if (checkNoOverlap(0, 0, i2cAddress)) new HALDisplay(displayNo, i2cAddress, width, height);
   } 
 
 protected:
   // Constructor
   HALDisplay(uint8_t displayNo, I2CAddress i2cAddress, int width, int height) {
     _displayDriver = new T(i2cAddress, width, height);
+    if (!_displayDriver) return;  // Check for memory allocation failure
     _I2CAddress = i2cAddress;
     _width = width;
     _height = height;
@@ -101,8 +103,12 @@ protected:
 
     // Allocate arrays
     _buffer = (char *)calloc(_numRows*_numCols, sizeof(char));
+    if (!_buffer) return;  // Check for memory allocation failure
     _rowGeneration = (uint8_t *)calloc(_numRows, sizeof(uint8_t));
+    if (!_rowGeneration) return;  // Check for memory allocation failure
     _lastRowGeneration = (uint8_t *)calloc(_numRows, sizeof(uint8_t));
+    if (!_lastRowGeneration) return;  // Check for memory allocation failure
+
     // Fill buffer with spaces
     memset(_buffer, ' ', _numCols*_numRows);
 
@@ -116,7 +122,7 @@ protected:
     // Also add this display to list of display handlers
     DisplayInterface::addDisplay(displayNo);
 
-    // Is this the main display?
+    // Is this the system display (0)?
     if (displayNo == 0) {
       // Set first two lines on screen
       this->setRow(displayNo, 0);
@@ -135,13 +141,15 @@ protected:
     // to the screen until that row has been refreshed.
 
     // First check if the OLED driver is still busy from a previous 
-    // call.  If so, don't to anything until the next entry.
+    // call.  If so, don't do anything until the next entry.
     if (!_displayDriver->isBusy()) {
       // Check if we've just done the end of a row
       if (_charPosToScreen >= _numCols) {
         // Move to next line
-        if (++_rowNoToScreen >= _numRows)
+        if (++_rowNoToScreen >= _numRows || _startAgain) {
           _rowNoToScreen = 0; // Wrap to first row
+          _startAgain = false;
+        }
 
         if (_rowGeneration[_rowNoToScreen] != _lastRowGeneration[_rowNoToScreen]) {
           // Row content has changed, so start outputting it
@@ -222,10 +230,14 @@ public:
     for (_colNo = 0; _colNo < _numCols; _colNo++)
       _buffer[_rowNo*_numCols+_colNo] = ' ';
     _colNo = 0;
-    // Mark that the buffer has been touched.  It will be 
+    // Mark that the buffer has been touched.  It will start being 
     // sent to the screen on the next loop entry, by which time
     // the line should have been written to the buffer.
     _rowGeneration[_rowNo]++;
+    // Indicate that the output loop is to start updating the screen again from
+    // row 0.  Otherwise, on a full screen rewrite the bottom part may be drawn
+    // before the top part!
+    _startAgain = true;
   }
 
   // Write one character to the screen referenced in the last setRow() call.

IO_HCSR04.h

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
  *
  * This driver polls the HC-SR04 by sending the trigger pulse and then measuring
  * the length of the received pulse.  If the calculated distance is less than
- * the threshold, the output state returned by a read() call changes to 1.  If
+ * the threshold, the output _state returned by a read() call changes to 1.  If
  * the distance is greater than the threshold plus a hysteresis margin, the
  * output changes to 0. The device also supports readAnalogue(), which returns
  * the measured distance in cm, or 32767 if the distance exceeds the
@@ -48,6 +48,20 @@
  * Note: The timing accuracy required for measuring the pulse length means that
  * the pins have to be direct Arduino pins; GPIO pins on an IO Extender cannot
  * provide the required accuracy.
+ * 
+ * Example configuration:
+ *  HCSR04::create(23000, 32, 33, 80, 85);
+ * 
+ * Where 23000 is the VPIN allocated,
+ *       32 is the pin connected to the HCSR04 trigger terminal,
+ *       33 is the pin connected to the HCSR04 echo terminal,
+ *       80 is the distance in cm below which pin 23000 will be active,
+ *   and 85 is the distance in cm above which pin 23000 will be inactive.
+ * 
+ * Alternative configuration, which hogs the processor until the measurement is complete
+ * (old behaviour, more accurate but higher impact on other CS tasks):
+ *  HCSR04::create(23000, 32, 33, 80, 85, HCSR04::LOOP);
+ * 
  */
 
 #ifndef IO_HCSR04_H
@@ -61,38 +75,52 @@ private:
   // pins must be arduino GPIO pins, not extender pins or HAL pins.
   int _trigPin = -1;
   int _echoPin = -1;
-  // Thresholds for setting active state in cm.
+  // Thresholds for setting active _state in cm.
   uint8_t _onThreshold;  // cm
   uint8_t _offThreshold; // cm
   // Last measured distance in cm.
   uint16_t _distance;
-  // Active=1/inactive=0 state 
+  // Active=1/inactive=0 _state 
   uint8_t _value = 0;
-  // Factor for calculating the distance (cm) from echo time (ms).
+  // Factor for calculating the distance (cm) from echo time (us).
   //  Based on a speed of sound of 345 metres/second.
-  const uint16_t factor = 58; // ms/cm
+  const uint16_t factor = 58; // us/cm
+  // Limit the time spent looping by dropping out when the expected
+  // worst case threshold value is greater than an arbitrary value.
+  const uint16_t maxPermittedLoopTime = 10 * factor; // max in us
+  unsigned long _startTime = 0;
+  unsigned long _maxTime = 0;
+  enum {DORMANT, MEASURING}; // _state values
+  uint8_t _state = DORMANT;
+  uint8_t _counter = 0;
+  uint16_t _options = 0;
 
 public:
+  enum Options {
+    LOOP = 1,  // Option HCSR04::LOOP reinstates old behaviour, i.e. complete measurement in one loop entry.
+  };
  
   // Static create function provides alternative way to create object
-  static void create(VPIN vpin, int trigPin, int echoPin, uint16_t onThreshold, uint16_t offThreshold) {
+  static void create(VPIN vpin, int trigPin, int echoPin, uint16_t onThreshold, uint16_t offThreshold, uint16_t options = 0) {
     if (checkNoOverlap(vpin))
-        new HCSR04(vpin, trigPin, echoPin, onThreshold, offThreshold);
+        new HCSR04(vpin, trigPin, echoPin, onThreshold, offThreshold, options);
   }
 
 protected:
-  // Constructor perfroms static initialisation of the device object
+  // Constructor performs static initialisation of the device object
-  HCSR04 (VPIN vpin, int trigPin, int echoPin, uint16_t onThreshold, uint16_t offThreshold) {
+  HCSR04 (VPIN vpin, int trigPin, int echoPin, uint16_t onThreshold, uint16_t offThreshold, uint16_t options) {
     _firstVpin = vpin;
     _nPins = 1;
     _trigPin = trigPin;
     _echoPin = echoPin;
     _onThreshold = onThreshold;
     _offThreshold = offThreshold;
+    _options = options;
     addDevice(this);
   }
  // _begin function called to perform dynamic initialisation of the device
   void _begin() override {
+    _state = 0;
     pinMode(_trigPin, OUTPUT);
     pinMode(_echoPin, INPUT);
     ArduinoPins::fastWriteDigital(_trigPin, 0);
@@ -112,78 +140,104 @@ protected:
     return _distance;
   }
 
-  // _loop function - read HC-SR04 once every 50 milliseconds.
+  // _loop function - read HC-SR04 once every 100 milliseconds.
   void _loop(unsigned long currentMicros) override {
-    read_HCSR04device();
+    unsigned long waitTime;
-    // Delay next loop entry until 50ms have elapsed.
+    switch(_state) {
-    delayUntil(currentMicros + 50000UL);
+      case DORMANT: // Issue pulse
+        // If receive pin is still set on from previous call, do nothing till next entry.
+        if (ArduinoPins::fastReadDigital(_echoPin)) return;
+
+        // Send 10us pulse to trigger transmitter
+        ArduinoPins::fastWriteDigital(_trigPin, 1);
+        delayMicroseconds(10);
+        ArduinoPins::fastWriteDigital(_trigPin, 0);
+
+        // Wait, with timeout, for echo pin to become set.
+        // Measured time delay is just under 500us, so 
+        // wait for max of 1000us.
+        _startTime = micros();
+        _maxTime = 1000;
+
+        while (!ArduinoPins::fastReadDigital(_echoPin)) {
+          // Not set yet, see if we've timed out.
+          waitTime = micros() - _startTime;
+          if (waitTime > _maxTime) {
+            // Timeout waiting for pulse start, abort the read and start again
+            _state = DORMANT;
+            return;
+          }
+        }
+
+        // Echo pulse started, so wait for echo pin to reset, and measure length of pulse
+        _startTime = micros();
+        _maxTime = factor * _offThreshold;
+        _state = MEASURING;
+        // If maximum measurement time is high, then skip until next loop entry before 
+        // starting to look for pulse end.
+        // This gives better accuracy at shorter distance thresholds but without extending 
+        // loop execution time for longer thresholds.  If LOOP option is set on, then
+        // the entire measurement will be done in one loop entry, i.e. the code will fall
+        // through into the measuring phase.
+        if (!(_options & LOOP) && _maxTime > maxPermittedLoopTime) break;
+        /* fallthrough */
+
+      case MEASURING: // Check if echo pulse has finished
+        do {
+          waitTime = micros() - _startTime;
+          if (!ArduinoPins::fastReadDigital(_echoPin)) {
+            // Echo pulse completed; check if pulse length is below threshold and if so set value.
+            if (waitTime <= factor * _onThreshold) {
+              // Measured time is within the onThreshold, so value is one.
+              _value = 1;
+              // If the new distance value is less than the current, use it immediately.
+              // But if the new distance value is longer, then it may be erroneously long
+              // (because of extended loop times delays), so apply a delay to distance increases.
+              uint16_t estimatedDistance = waitTime / factor;
+              if (estimatedDistance < _distance) 
+                _distance = estimatedDistance;
+              else
+                _distance += 1;  // Just increase distance slowly.
+              _counter = 0;
+              //DIAG(F("HCSR04: Pulse Len=%l Distance=%d"), waitTime, _distance);
+            }
+            _state = DORMANT;
+          } else {
+            // Echo pulse hasn't finished, so check if maximum time has elapsed
+            // If pulse is too long then set return value to zero,
+            //  and finish without waiting for end of pulse.
+            if (waitTime > _maxTime) {
+              // Pulse length longer than maxTime, value is provisionally zero.
+              // But don't change _value unless provisional value is zero for 10 consecutive measurements
+              if (_value == 1) {
+                if (++_counter >= 10) {
+                  _value = 0;
+                  _distance = 32767;
+                  _counter = 0;
+                }
+              }
+              _state = DORMANT; // start again
+            }
+          }
+          // If there's lots of time remaining before the expected completion time,
+          // then exit and wait for next loop entry.  Otherwise, loop until we finish.
+          // If option LOOP is set, then we loop until finished anyway.
+          uint32_t remainingTime = _maxTime - waitTime;
+          if (!(_options & LOOP) && remainingTime < maxPermittedLoopTime) return;
+        } while (_state == MEASURING) ;
+        break;
+    }
+    // Datasheet recommends a wait of at least 60ms between measurement cycles
+    if (_state == DORMANT)
+      delayUntil(currentMicros+60000UL); // wait 60ms till next measurement
+
   }
 
   void _display() override {
-    DIAG(F("HCSR04 Configured on Vpin:%d TrigPin:%d EchoPin:%d On:%dcm Off:%dcm"),
+    DIAG(F("HCSR04 Configured on VPIN:%u TrigPin:%d EchoPin:%d On:%dcm Off:%dcm"),
       _firstVpin, _trigPin, _echoPin, _onThreshold, _offThreshold);
   }
 
-private:
-  // This polls the HC-SR04 device by sending a pulse and measuring the duration of
-  //  the pulse observed on the receive pin.  In order to be kind to the rest of the CS
-  //  software, no interrupts are used and interrupts are not disabled.  The pulse duration
-  //  is measured in a loop, using the micros() function.  Therefore, interrupts from other
-  //  sources may affect the result.  However, interrupts response code in CS typically takes
-  //  much less than the 58us frequency for the DCC interrupt, and 58us corresponds to only 1cm
-  //  in the HC-SR04.
-  //  To reduce chatter on the output, hysteresis is applied on reset: the output is set to 1 when the 
-  //  measured distance is less than the onThreshold, and is set to 0 if the measured distance is
-  //  greater than the offThreshold.
-  //
-  void read_HCSR04device() {
-    // uint16 enough to time up to 65ms
-    uint16_t startTime, waitTime = 0, currentTime, maxTime;  
-
-    // If receive pin is still set on from previous call, abort the read.
-    if (ArduinoPins::fastReadDigital(_echoPin))
-      return;
-
-    // Send 10us pulse to trigger transmitter
-    ArduinoPins::fastWriteDigital(_trigPin, 1);
-    delayMicroseconds(10);
-    ArduinoPins::fastWriteDigital(_trigPin, 0);
-
-    // Wait for receive pin to be set
-    startTime = currentTime = micros();
-    maxTime = factor * _offThreshold * 2;
-    while (!ArduinoPins::fastReadDigital(_echoPin)) {
-      // lastTime = currentTime;
-      currentTime = micros();
-      waitTime = currentTime - startTime;
-      if (waitTime > maxTime) {
-        // Timeout waiting for pulse start, abort the read
-        return;
-      }
-    }
-
-    // Wait for receive pin to reset, and measure length of pulse
-    startTime = currentTime = micros();
-    maxTime = factor * _offThreshold;
-    while (ArduinoPins::fastReadDigital(_echoPin)) {
-      currentTime = micros();
-      waitTime = currentTime - startTime;
-      // If pulse is too long then set return value to zero,
-      //  and finish without waiting for end of pulse.
-      if (waitTime > maxTime) {
-        // Pulse length longer than maxTime, reset value.
-        _value = 0;
-        _distance = 32767;
-        return;
-      }
-    } 
-    // Check if pulse length is below threshold, if so set value.
-    //DIAG(F("HCSR04: Pulse Len=%l Distance=%d"), waitTime, distance);
-    _distance = waitTime / factor; // in centimetres
-    if (_distance < _onThreshold) 
-      _value = 1;
-  }
-
 };
 
 #endif //IO_HCSR04_H

IO_PCA9685.cpp

@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ void PCA9685::create(VPIN firstVpin, int nPins, I2CAddress i2cAddress, uint16_t
 bool PCA9685::_configure(VPIN vpin, ConfigTypeEnum configType, int paramCount, int params[]) {
   if (configType != CONFIGURE_SERVO) return false;
   if (paramCount != 5) return false;
-  #if DIAG_IO >= 3
+  #ifdef DIAG_IO
-  DIAG(F("PCA9685 Configure VPIN:%d Apos:%d Ipos:%d Profile:%d Duration:%d state:%d"), 
+  DIAG(F("PCA9685 Configure VPIN:%u Apos:%d Ipos:%d Profile:%d Duration:%d state:%d"), 
     vpin, params[0], params[1], params[2], params[3], params[4]);
   #endif
 
@@ -117,8 +117,8 @@ void PCA9685::_begin() {
 // Device-specific write function, invoked from IODevice::write().  
 // For this function, the configured profile is used.
 void PCA9685::_write(VPIN vpin, int value) {
-  #if DIAG_IO >= 3
+  #ifdef DIAG_IO
-  DIAG(F("PCA9685 Write Vpin:%d Value:%d"), vpin, value);
+  DIAG(F("PCA9685 Write VPIN:%u Value:%d"), vpin, value);
   #endif
   int pin = vpin - _firstVpin;
   if (value) value = 1;
@@ -144,8 +144,8 @@ void PCA9685::_write(VPIN vpin, int value) {
 //             4 (Bounce)  Servo 'bounces' at extremes.
 //            
 void PCA9685::_writeAnalogue(VPIN vpin, int value, uint8_t profile, uint16_t duration) {
-  #if DIAG_IO >= 3
+  #ifdef DIAG_IO
-  DIAG(F("PCA9685 WriteAnalogue Vpin:%d Value:%d Profile:%d Duration:%d %S"), 
+  DIAG(F("PCA9685 WriteAnalogue VPIN:%u Value:%d Profile:%d Duration:%d %S"), 
     vpin, value, profile, duration, _deviceState == DEVSTATE_FAILED?F("DEVSTATE_FAILED"):F(""));
   #endif
   if (_deviceState == DEVSTATE_FAILED) return;
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ void PCA9685::writeDevice(uint8_t pin, int value) {
 
 // Display details of this device.
 void PCA9685::_display() {
-  DIAG(F("PCA9685 I2C:%s Configured on Vpins:%d-%d %S"), _I2CAddress.toString(), (int)_firstVpin, 
+  DIAG(F("PCA9685 I2C:%s Configured on Vpins:%u-%u %S"), _I2CAddress.toString(), (int)_firstVpin, 
     (int)_firstVpin+_nPins-1, (_deviceState==DEVSTATE_FAILED) ? F("OFFLINE") : F(""));
 }
 

IO_PCA9685pwm.h

@@ -120,8 +120,8 @@ private:
   //            
   void _writeAnalogue(VPIN vpin, int value, uint8_t param1, uint16_t param2) override {
     (void)param1; (void)param2;  // suppress compiler warning
-    #if DIAG_IO >= 3
+    #ifdef DIAG_IO
-    DIAG(F("PCA9685pwm WriteAnalogue Vpin:%d Value:%d %S"), 
+    DIAG(F("PCA9685pwm WriteAnalogue VPIN:%u Value:%d %S"), 
       vpin, value, _deviceState == DEVSTATE_FAILED?F("DEVSTATE_FAILED"):F(""));
     #endif
     if (_deviceState == DEVSTATE_FAILED) return;
@@ -134,14 +134,14 @@ private:
 
   // Display details of this device.
   void _display() override {
-    DIAG(F("PCA9685pwm I2C:%s Configured on Vpins:%d-%d %S"), _I2CAddress.toString(), (int)_firstVpin, 
+    DIAG(F("PCA9685pwm I2C:%s Configured on Vpins:%u-%u %S"), _I2CAddress.toString(), (int)_firstVpin, 
       (int)_firstVpin+_nPins-1, (_deviceState==DEVSTATE_FAILED) ? F("OFFLINE") : F(""));
   }
 
   // writeDevice (helper function) takes a pin in range 0 to _nPins-1 within the device, and a value
   // between 0 and 4095 for the PWM mark-to-period ratio, with 4095 being 100%.
   void writeDevice(uint8_t pin, int value) {
-    #if DIAG_IO >= 3
+    #ifdef DIAG_IO
     DIAG(F("PCA9685pwm I2C:%s WriteDevice Pin:%d Value:%d"), _I2CAddress.toString(), pin, value);
     #endif
     // Wait for previous request to complete

IO_RotaryEncoder.h

@@ -98,13 +98,14 @@ private:
 
   void _write(VPIN vpin, int value) override {
     if (vpin == _firstVpin + 1) {
-      byte _feedbackBuffer[2] = {RE_OP, value};
+      if (value != 0) value = 0x01;
+      byte _feedbackBuffer[2] = {RE_OP, (byte)value};
       I2CManager.write(_I2CAddress, _feedbackBuffer, 2);
     }
   }
   
   void _display() override {
-    DIAG(F("Rotary Encoder I2C:%s v%d.%d.%d Configured on Vpin:%d-%d %S"), _I2CAddress.toString(), _majorVer, _minorVer, _patchVer,
+    DIAG(F("Rotary Encoder I2C:%s v%d.%d.%d Configured on VPIN:%u-%d %S"), _I2CAddress.toString(), _majorVer, _minorVer, _patchVer,
       (int)_firstVpin, _firstVpin+_nPins-1, (_deviceState==DEVSTATE_FAILED) ? F("OFFLINE") : F(""));
   }
 

IO_Servo.h

@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ private:
     if (configType != CONFIGURE_SERVO) return false;
     if (paramCount != 5) return false;
     #ifdef DIAG_IO
-    DIAG(F("Servo: Configure VPIN:%d Apos:%d Ipos:%d Profile:%d Duration:%d state:%d"), 
+    DIAG(F("Servo: Configure VPIN:%u Apos:%d Ipos:%d Profile:%d Duration:%d state:%d"), 
       vpin, params[0], params[1], params[2], params[3], params[4]);
     #endif
 
@@ -140,12 +140,12 @@ private:
     // Get reference to slave device.
     _slaveDevice = findDevice(_firstSlavePin);
     if (!_slaveDevice) {
-      DIAG(F("Servo: Slave device not found on pins %d-%d"), 
+      DIAG(F("Servo: Slave device not found on Vpins %u-%u"), 
         _firstSlavePin, _firstSlavePin+_nPins-1);
       _deviceState = DEVSTATE_FAILED;
     }      
     if (_slaveDevice != findDevice(_firstSlavePin+_nPins-1)) {
-      DIAG(F("Servo: Slave device does not cover all pins %d-%d"), 
+      DIAG(F("Servo: Slave device does not cover all Vpins %u-%u"), 
         _firstSlavePin, _firstSlavePin+_nPins-1);
       _deviceState = DEVSTATE_FAILED;
     }
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ private:
   void _write(VPIN vpin, int value) override {
     if (_deviceState == DEVSTATE_FAILED) return;
     #ifdef DIAG_IO
-    DIAG(F("Servo Write Vpin:%d Value:%d"), vpin, value);
+    DIAG(F("Servo Write VPIN:%u Value:%d"), vpin, value);
     #endif
     int pin = vpin - _firstVpin;
     if (value) value = 1;
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ private:
   //            
   void _writeAnalogue(VPIN vpin, int value, uint8_t profile, uint16_t duration) override {
     #ifdef DIAG_IO
-    DIAG(F("Servo: WriteAnalogue Vpin:%d Value:%d Profile:%d Duration:%d %S"), 
+    DIAG(F("Servo: WriteAnalogue VPIN:%u Value:%d Profile:%d Duration:%d %S"), 
       vpin, value, profile, duration, _deviceState == DEVSTATE_FAILED?F("DEVSTATE_FAILED"):F(""));
     #endif
     if (_deviceState == DEVSTATE_FAILED) return;
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ private:
 
   // Display details of this device.
   void _display() override {
-    DIAG(F("Servo Configured on Vpins:%d-%d, slave pins:%d-%d %S"),
+    DIAG(F("Servo Configured on Vpins:%u-%u, slave pins:%d-%d %S"),
       (int)_firstVpin, (int)_firstVpin+_nPins-1,
       (int)_firstSlavePin, (int)_firstSlavePin+_nPins-1,
       (_deviceState==DEVSTATE_FAILED) ? F("OFFLINE") : F(""));

IO_TouchKeypad.h

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+/*
+ *  © 2023, Neil McKechnie. All rights reserved.
+ *  
+ *  This file is part of DCC++EX API
+ *
+ *  This is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ *  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ *  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ *  (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ *  It is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ *  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ *  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ *  GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ *  along with CommandStation.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+/* 
+ * Driver for capacitative touch-pad based on the TTP229-B chip with serial 
+ * (not I2C) output.  The touchpad has 16 separate pads in a 4x4 matrix, 
+ * numbered 1-16.  The communications with the pad are via a clock signal sent
+ * from the controller to the device, and a data signal sent back by the device.
+ * The pins clockPin and dataPin must be local pins, not external (GPIO Expander)
+ * pins.
+ * 
+ * To use, 
+ *    TouchKeypad::create(firstVpin, 16, clockPin, dataPin);
+ * 
+ * NOTE: Most of these keypads ship with only 8 pads enabled.  To enable all
+ * sixteen pads, locate the area of the board labelled P1 (four pairs of 
+ * holes labelled 1 to 4 from the left); solder a jumper link between the pair 
+ * labelled 3 (connected to pin TP2 on the chip).  When this link is connected,
+ * the pins OUT1 to OUT8 are not used but all sixteen touch pads are operational.
+ * 
+ * TODO: Allow a list of datapins to be provided so that multiple keypads can
+ * be read simultaneously by the one device driver and the one shared clock signal.
+ * As it stands, we can configure multiple driver instances, one for each keypad, 
+ * and it will work fine.  The clock will be driven to all devices but only one 
+ * driver will be reading the responses from its corresponding device at a time.
+ */
+
+#ifndef IO_TOUCHKEYPAD_H
+#define IO_TOUCHKEYPAD_H
+
+#include "IODevice.h"
+
+class TouchKeypad : public IODevice {
+private:
+  // Here we define the device-specific variables.  
+  uint16_t _inputStates = 0;
+  VPIN _clockPin;
+  VPIN _dataPin;
+
+public:
+  //  Static function to handle create calls.
+  static void create(VPIN firstVpin, int nPins, VPIN clockPin, VPIN dataPin) {
+    if (checkNoOverlap(firstVpin,nPins)) new TouchKeypad(firstVpin, nPins, clockPin, dataPin);
+  } 
+
+protected:
+  // Constructor. 
+  TouchKeypad(VPIN firstVpin, int nPins, VPIN clockPin, VPIN dataPin) {
+    _firstVpin = firstVpin;
+    _nPins = (nPins > 16) ? 16 : nPins;  // Maximum of 16 pads per device
+    _clockPin = clockPin;
+    _dataPin = dataPin;
+
+    addDevice(this);
+  }
+
+  // Device-specific initialisation
+  void _begin() override {
+#if defined(DIAG_IO)
+    _display();
+#endif
+    // Set clock pin as output, initially high, and data pin as input.  
+    // Enable pullup on the input so that the default (not connected) state is 
+    // 'keypad not pressed'.
+    ArduinoPins::fastWriteDigital(_clockPin, 1);
+    pinMode(_clockPin, OUTPUT);
+    pinMode(_dataPin, INPUT_PULLUP); // Force defined state when no connection
+  }
+  
+  // Device-specific read function.
+  int _read(VPIN vpin) {
+    if (vpin < _firstVpin || vpin >= _firstVpin + _nPins) return 0;
+
+    // Return a value for the specified vpin.
+    return _inputStates & (1<<(vpin-_firstVpin)) ? 1 : 0;
+  }
+
+  // Loop function to do background scanning of the keyboard.
+  // The TTP229 device requires clock pulses to be sent to it,
+  // and the data bits can be read on the rising edge of the clock.
+  // By default the clock and data are inverted (active-low).
+  // A gap of more  than 2ms is advised between successive read
+  // cycles, we wait for 100ms between reads of the keyboard as this
+  // provide a good enough response time.
+  // Maximum clock frequency is 512kHz, so put a 1us delay
+  // between clock transitions.
+  //
+  void _loop(unsigned long currentMicros) {
+
+    // Clock 16 bits from the device
+    uint16_t data = 0, maskBit = 0x01;
+    for (uint8_t pad=0; pad<16; pad++) {
+      ArduinoPins::fastWriteDigital(_clockPin, 0);
+      delayMicroseconds(1);
+      ArduinoPins::fastWriteDigital(_clockPin, 1);
+      data |= (ArduinoPins::fastReadDigital(_dataPin) ? 0 : maskBit);
+      maskBit <<= 1;
+      delayMicroseconds(1);
+    }
+    _inputStates = data;
+#ifdef DIAG_IO
+    static uint16_t lastData = 0;
+    if (data != lastData) DIAG(F("KeyPad: %x"), data);
+    lastData = data;
+#endif
+    delayUntil(currentMicros + 100000); // read every 100ms
+  }
+
+  // Display information about the device, and perhaps its current condition (e.g. active, disabled etc).
+  void _display() {
+    DIAG(F("TouchKeypad Configured on Vpins:%u-%u SCL=%d SDO=%d"), (int)_firstVpin, 
+      (int)_firstVpin+_nPins-1, _clockPin, _dataPin);
+  }
+
+
+};
+
+#endif // IO_TOUCHKEYPAD_H

IO_VL53L0X.h

@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ protected:
   }
 
   void _display() override {
-    DIAG(F("VL53L0X I2C:%s Configured on Vpins:%d-%d On:%dmm Off:%dmm %S"),
+    DIAG(F("VL53L0X I2C:%s Configured on Vpins:%u-%u On:%dmm Off:%dmm %S"),
       _I2CAddress.toString(), _firstVpin, _firstVpin+_nPins-1, _onThreshold, _offThreshold,
       (_deviceState==DEVSTATE_FAILED) ? F("OFFLINE") : F(""));
   }

IO_duinoNodes.h

@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ public:
     pinMode(_clockPin,OUTPUT);
     pinMode(_dataPin,_pinMap?INPUT_PULLUP:OUTPUT);
     _display();
+    if (!_pinMap) _loopOutput();
   }
 
 // loop called by HAL supervisor 
@@ -121,7 +122,7 @@ void _loopOutput()  {
   }
 
   void _display() override {
-      DIAG(F("IO_duinoNodes %SPUT Configured on VPins:%d-%d shift=%d"), 
+      DIAG(F("IO_duinoNodes %SPUT Configured on Vpins:%u-%u shift=%d"), 
       _pinMap?F("IN"):F("OUT"),
       (int)_firstVpin, 
       (int)_firstVpin+_nPins-1, _nShiftBytes*8);

MotorDriver.cpp

@@ -75,6 +75,23 @@ MotorDriver::MotorDriver(int16_t power_pin, byte signal_pin, byte signal_pin2, i
     dualSignal=true;
     getFastPin(F("SIG2"),signalPin2,fastSignalPin2);
     pinMode(signalPin2, OUTPUT);
+
+    fastSignalPin2.shadowinout = NULL;
+    if (HAVE_PORTA(fastSignalPin2.inout == &PORTA)) {
+      DIAG(F("Found PORTA pin %d"),signalPin2);
+      fastSignalPin2.shadowinout = fastSignalPin2.inout;
+      fastSignalPin2.inout = &shadowPORTA;
+    }
+    if (HAVE_PORTB(fastSignalPin2.inout == &PORTB)) {
+      DIAG(F("Found PORTB pin %d"),signalPin2);
+      fastSignalPin2.shadowinout = fastSignalPin2.inout;
+      fastSignalPin2.inout = &shadowPORTB;
+    }
+    if (HAVE_PORTC(fastSignalPin2.inout == &PORTC)) {
+      DIAG(F("Found PORTC pin %d"),signalPin2);
+      fastSignalPin2.shadowinout = fastSignalPin2.inout;
+      fastSignalPin2.inout = &shadowPORTC;
+    }
   }
   else dualSignal=false; 
   
@@ -90,9 +107,8 @@ MotorDriver::MotorDriver(int16_t power_pin, byte signal_pin, byte signal_pin2, i
   else brakePin=UNUSED_PIN;
   
   currentPin=current_pin;
-  if (currentPin!=UNUSED_PIN) {
+  if (currentPin!=UNUSED_PIN) ADCee::init(currentPin);
-    senseOffset = ADCee::init(currentPin);
+  senseOffset=0; // value can not be obtained until waveform is activated
-  }
 
   faultPin=fault_pin;
   if (faultPin != UNUSED_PIN) {
@@ -121,8 +137,7 @@ MotorDriver::MotorDriver(int16_t power_pin, byte signal_pin, byte signal_pin2, i
   if (currentPin==UNUSED_PIN) 
     DIAG(F("** WARNING ** No current or short detection"));
   else  {
-    DIAG(F("CurrentPin=A%d, Offset=%d, TripValue=%d"),
+    DIAG(F("Track %c, TripValue=%d"), trackLetter, rawCurrentTripValue);
-    currentPin-A0, senseOffset,rawCurrentTripValue);
 
     // self testing diagnostic for the non-float converters... may be removed when happy
     //  DIAG(F("senseFactorInternal=%d raw2mA(1000)=%d mA2Raw(1000)=%d"),
@@ -144,6 +159,12 @@ bool MotorDriver::isPWMCapable() {
 void MotorDriver::setPower(POWERMODE mode) {
   bool on=mode==POWERMODE::ON;
   if (on) {
+    // when switching a track On, we need to check the crrentOffset with the pin OFF
+    if (powerMode==POWERMODE::OFF && currentPin!=UNUSED_PIN) {
+        senseOffset = ADCee::read(currentPin);
+        DIAG(F("Track %c sensOffset=%d"),trackLetter,senseOffset);
+    }
+
     IODevice::write(powerPin,invertPower ? LOW : HIGH);
     if (isProgTrack)
       DCCWaveform::progTrack.clearResets();
@@ -234,7 +255,7 @@ void MotorDriver::startCurrentFromHW() {
 #if defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32)
 uint16_t taurustones[28] = { 165, 175, 196, 220,
 			     247, 262, 294, 330,
-			     249, 392, 440, 494,
+			     349, 392, 440, 494,
 			     523, 587, 659, 698,
 			     494, 440, 392, 249,
 			     330, 284, 262, 247,

MotorDriver.h

@@ -182,11 +182,15 @@ class MotorDriver {
       isProgTrack = on;
     }
     void checkPowerOverload(bool useProgLimit, byte trackno);
+    inline void setTrackLetter(char c) {
+      trackLetter = c;
+    };
 #ifdef ANALOG_READ_INTERRUPT
     bool sampleCurrentFromHW();
     void startCurrentFromHW();
 #endif
   private:
+    char trackLetter = '?';
     bool isProgTrack = false; // tells us if this is a prog track
     void  getFastPin(const FSH* type,int pin, bool input, FASTPIN & result);
     void  getFastPin(const FSH* type,int pin, FASTPIN & result) {

MotorDrivers.h

@@ -73,12 +73,12 @@
 #elif defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32)
 // STANDARD shield on an ESPDUINO-32 (ESP32 in Uno form factor). The shield must be eiter the
 // 3.3V compatible R3 version or it has to be modified to not supply more than 3.3V to the
-// analog inputs. Here we use analog inputs A4 and A5 as A0 and A1 are wired in a way so that
+// analog inputs. Here we use analog inputs A2 and A3 as A0 and A1 are wired in a way so that
 // they are not useable at the same time as WiFi (what a bummer). The numbers below are the
 // actual GPIO numbers. In comments the numbers the pins have on an Uno.
 #define STANDARD_MOTOR_SHIELD F("STANDARD_MOTOR_SHIELD"),                                                 \
-    new MotorDriver(25/* 3*/, 19/*12*/, UNUSED_PIN, 13/*9*/, 36/*A4*/, 0.70, 1500, UNUSED_PIN), \
+    new MotorDriver(25/* 3*/, 19/*12*/, UNUSED_PIN, 13/*9*/, 35/*A2*/, 0.70, 1500, UNUSED_PIN), \
-    new MotorDriver(23/*11*/, 18/*13*/, UNUSED_PIN, 12/*8*/, 39/*A5*/, 0.70, 1500, UNUSED_PIN)
+    new MotorDriver(23/*11*/, 18/*13*/, UNUSED_PIN, 12/*8*/, 34/*A3*/, 0.70, 1500, UNUSED_PIN)
 
 #else
 // STANDARD shield on any Arduino Uno or Mega compatible with the original specification.

Release_Notes/CommandRef.md

@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+This file is being used to consolidate the command reference information. 
+
+General points:
+  - Commands below have a single character opcode and parameters.
+  Even <JA> is actually read as <J A> 
+  - Keyword parameters are shown in upper case but may be entered in mixed case.
+  - value parameters are decimal numeric (unless otherwise noted)
+  - [something]  indicates its optional.
+  - Not all commands have a response, and broadcasts mean that not all responses come from the last commands that you have issued.
+   
+Startup status
+<s> Return status like
+    <iDCC-EX V-4.2.22 / MEGA / STANDARD_MOTOR_SHIELD G-devel-202302281422Z>
+    also returns defined turnout list:
+    <H id 1|0>   1=thrown
+
+Track power management. After power commands a power state is broadcast to all throttles.
+
+<1>                Power on all
+<1 MAIN|PROG|JOIN> Power on MAIN or PROG track
+<1 JOIN>           Power on MAIN and PROG track but send main track data on both.
+<0>                Power off all tracks 
+<0 MAIN|PROG>      Power off main or prog track
+
+Basic manual loco control
+<t locoid speed direction>  Throttle loco. 
+    speed in JMRI-form  (-1=ESTOP, 0=STOP, 1..126 = DCC speeds 2..127)
+    direction 1=forward, 0=reverse
+    For response see broadcast <l>
+
+<F locoid function 1|0>     Set loco function 1=ON, 0-OFF
+    For response see broadcast <l>
+
+<!>  emergency stop all locos
+<T id 0|1|T|C>  Control turnout id, 0=C=Closed, 1=T=Thrown
+       response broadcast <H id 0|1>
+
+
+DCC accessory control
+<a address subaddress activate [onoff]>
+<a linearaddress activate> 
+
+
+Turnout definition
+Note: Turnouts are best defined in myAutomation.h where a turnout description can also be provided ( refer to EXRAIL documentation) or by using these commands in a mySetup.h file. 
+
+<T id SERVO vpin thrown closed profile>
+<T id VPIN vpin>
+<T id DCC addr subaddr>
+<T id DCC linearaddr>
+   Valid commands respond with <O>
+
+Direct pin manipulation (replaces <Z commands, no predefinition required)
+<z vpin>     Set pin HIGH
+<z -vpin>    Set pin LOW
+<z vpin value> Set pin analog value
+<z vpin value profile> Set pin analog with profile
+<z vpin value profile duration> set pin analog with profile and value
+
+
+Sensors (Used by JMRI, not required by EXRAIL)
+<S id vpin pullup> define a sensor to be monitored.
+   Responses <Q id> and <q id> as sensor changes  
+
+Decoder programming - main track
+<w cab cv value> POM write value to cv on loco
+<b cab cv bit value> POM write bit to cv on loco
+
+Decoder Programming - prog track
+<W cabid>  Clear consist and write new cab id (includes long/short settings)
+           Responds <W cabid> or <W -1> for error
+<W cv value> Write value to cv
+
+<V cv predictedValue> Read cv value, much faster if prediction is correct. 
+<V cv bit predictedValue>      Read CV bit
+
+<R>         Read drive-away loco id. (May be a consist id)
+<D ACK ON|OFF>
+<D ACK LIMIT|MIN|MAX|RETRY value>
+<D PROGBOOST>
+
+Advanced DCC control
+<M  packet.... >
+<P  packet ...>
+<f map1 map2 [map3]>
+<#>
+<->
+<- cabid>
+<D CABS>
+<D SPEED28>
+<D SPEED128>
+
+
+EEPROM commands
+These commands exist for
+backwards JMRI compatibility. 
+You are strongly discouraged from maintaining your configuration settings in EEPROM.    
+<E>
+<e>
+<D EEPROM>
+<T>
+<T id>
+<S>
+<S id>
+<Z>
+<Z id>
+
+Diagnostic commands
+<D CMD ON|OFF>
+<D WIFI ON|OFF>
+<D ETHERNET ON|OFF>
+<D WIT ON|OFF>
+<D LCN ON|OFF>
+<D EXRAIL ON|OFF>
+<D RESET>
+<D SERVO|ANOUT vpin position [profile]>
+<D ANIN vpin>
+<D HAL SHOW>
+<D HAL RESET>
+<+ cmd>
+<+>
+<Q>
+
+User defined filter commands
+<U ....>
+<u ....>
+
+Track Management
+<=>
+<= track DCC|PROG|OFF>
+<= track DC|DCX cabid>
+<JG>
+<JI>
+
+
+Turntable interface
+<D TT vpin steps [activity]>
+
+Fast clock interface
+<JC>
+<JC mins rate>
+
+
+Advanced Throttle access to features
+<t cab>
+<JA>
+<JA id>
+<JR>
+<JR id>
+<JT>
+<JT id>
+
+*******************
+EXRAIL Commands
+*******************
+
+</>
+</PAUSE>
+</RESUME>
+</START cab sequence>
+</START sequence>
+</KILL taskid>
+</KILL ALL>
+</RESERVE|FREE blockid>
+</LATCH|UNLATCH latchid>
+</RED|AMBER|GREEN signalid>
+
+Obsolete commands/formats
+<c>
+<t ignored cab speed direction> 
+<T id vpin thrown closed>
+<T id addr subaddr>
+<B cv bit value obsolete obsolete>
+<R cv obsolete obsolete>
+<W cv value obsolete obsolete>
+<R cv>            V command is much faster if prediction is correct.
+<B cv bit value>  V command is much faster if prediction is correct.
+<Z id vpin active> (use <z)  Define an output pin that JMRI can set by id 
+<Z id activate>    (use <z)  Activate an output pin by id
+
+
+Broadcast responses
+Note: broadcasts are sent to all throttles when appropriate (usually because something has changed)
+
+<p0>
+<p1>
+<p1 MAIN|PROG|JOIN>
+
+<l cab slot dccspeed functionmap>
+<H id 1|0>
+<jC mmmm speed>
+
+Diagnostic responses
+These are not meant to be software readable. They contain diagnostic information for programmers to identify issues.
+<X> 
+<*  ... *>
+

SSD1306Ascii.cpp

@@ -236,11 +236,6 @@ void SSD1306AsciiWire::setRowNative(uint8_t line) {
 size_t SSD1306AsciiWire::writeNative(uint8_t ch) {
   const uint8_t* base = m_font;
 
-  if (ch < m_fontFirstChar || ch >= (m_fontFirstChar + m_fontCharCount))
-    return 0;
-  // Check if character would be partly or wholly off the display
-  if (m_col + fontWidth > m_displayWidth)
-    return 0;
 #if defined(NOLOWERCASE)
   // Adjust if lowercase is missing
   if (ch >= 'a') {
@@ -250,6 +245,12 @@ size_t SSD1306AsciiWire::writeNative(uint8_t ch) {
       ch -= 26; // Allow for missing lowercase letters
   }
 #endif
+  if (ch < m_fontFirstChar || ch >= (m_fontFirstChar + m_fontCharCount))
+    return 0;
+  // Check if character would be partly or wholly off the display
+  if (m_col + fontWidth > m_displayWidth)
+    return 0;
+
   ch -= m_fontFirstChar;
   base += fontWidth * ch;
   // Before using buffer, wait for last request to complete
@@ -406,8 +407,8 @@ const uint8_t FLASH SSD1306AsciiWire::System6x8[] = {
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
+    0x38, 0x44, 0xc6, 0x44, 0x20, 0x00,  // cent 0x9b
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
+    0x44, 0x6e, 0x59, 0x49, 0x62, 0x00,  // £ 0x9c
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
@@ -425,27 +426,27 @@ const uint8_t FLASH SSD1306AsciiWire::System6x8[] = {
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
+    0x10, 0x28, 0x54, 0x28, 0x44, 0x00,  // <<
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
+    0x44, 0x28, 0x54, 0x28, 0x10, 0x00,  // >>
     // Extended characters 176-180
     0x92, 0x00, 0x49, 0x00, 0x24, 0x00,  // Light grey 0xb0
-    0xcc, 0x55, 0xcc, 0x55, 0xcc, 0x55,  // Mid grey 0xb1
+    0xaa, 0x44, 0xaa, 0x11, 0xaa, 0x55,  // Mid grey 0xb1
-    0x6a, 0xff, 0xb6, 0xff, 0xdb, 0xff,  // Dark grey 0xb2
+    0x6d, 0xff, 0xb6, 0xff, 0xdb, 0xff,  // Dark grey 0xb2
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00,  // Vertical line 0xb3
     0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00,  // Vertical line with left spur 0xb4
 
-    0x14, 0x14, 0xfe, 0x00, 0xff, 0x00,  // Vertical line with double left spur 0xb9
+    0x14, 0x14, 0x14, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00,  // Vertical line with double left spur 0xb5
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented Double vertical line with single left spur
+    0x08, 0x08, 0xff, 0x00, 0xff, 0x00,  // Double vertical line with single left spur
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
+    0x08, 0x08, 0xf8, 0x08, 0xf8, 0x00,  // Top right corner, single horiz, double vert
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
+    0x14, 0x14, 0x14, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00,  // Top right corner, double horiz, single vert
 
     // Extended characters 185-190
-    0x28, 0x28, 0xef, 0x00, 0xff, 0x00,  // Double vertical line with double left spur 0xb9
+    0x14, 0x14, 0xf7, 0x00, 0xff, 0x00,  // Double vertical line with double left spur 0xb9
     0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0x00, 0xff, 0x00,  // Double vertical line 0xba
     0x14, 0x14, 0xf4, 0x04, 0xfc, 0x00,  // Double top right corner 0xbb
     0x14, 0x14, 0x17, 0x10, 0x1f, 0x00,  // Double bottom right corner 0xbc
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented 0xbd
+    0x08, 0x08, 0x0f, 0x08, 0x0f, 0x00,  // Bottom right corner, single horiz, double vert 0xbd
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented 0xbe
+    0x14, 0x14, 0x14, 0x1f, 0x00, 0x00,  // Bottom right corner, double horiz, single vert 0xbe
 
     // Extended characters 191-199
     0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x00,  // Top right corner 0xbf
@@ -455,8 +456,8 @@ const uint8_t FLASH SSD1306AsciiWire::System6x8[] = {
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0x08, 0x08,  // Vertical line with right spur 0xc3
     0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08,  // Horizontal line 0xc4
     0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0xff, 0x08, 0x08,  // Cross 0xc5
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0x14, 0x14,  // Vertical line double right spur 0xc6
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
+    0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0x00, 0xff, 0x08,  // Double vertical line single right spur 0xc7
 
     // Extended characters 200-206
     0x00, 0x00, 0x1f, 0x10, 0x17, 0x14,  // Double bottom left corner 0xc8
@@ -467,16 +468,16 @@ const uint8_t FLASH SSD1306AsciiWire::System6x8[] = {
     0x14, 0x14, 0x14, 0x14, 0x14, 0x14,  // Double horizontal line 0xcd
     0x14, 0x14, 0xf7, 0x00, 0xf7, 0x14,  // Double cross 0xce
 
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
+    0x14, 0x14, 0x14, 0x17, 0x14, 0x14,  // Double horizontal line single upward spur 0xcf
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented 0xd0
+    0x08, 0x08, 0x0f, 0x08, 0x0f, 0x08,  // Horiz single line with double upward spur 0xd0
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
+    0x14, 0x14, 0x14, 0xf4, 0x14, 0x14,  // Horiz double line with single downward spur 0xd1
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
+    0x08, 0x08, 0xf8, 0x08, 0xf8, 0x08,  // Horiz single line with double downward spur 0xd2
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x08, 0x0f, 0x08,  // Bottom left corner, double vert single horiz 0xd3
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1f, 0x14, 0x14,  // Bottom left corner, single vert double horiz 0xd4
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfc, 0x14, 0x14,  // Top left corner, single vert double horiz 0xd5
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
+    0x00, 0x00, 0xf8, 0x08, 0xf8, 0x08,  // Top left corner, double vert single horiz 0xd6
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
+    0x08, 0x08, 0xff, 0x00, 0xff, 0x08,  // Cross, double vert single horiz 0xd7
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
+    0x14, 0x14, 0x14, 0xf7, 0x14, 0x14,  // Cross, single vert double horiz 0xd8
 
     // Extended characters 217-223
     0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x0f, 0x00, 0x00,  // Bottom right corner 0xd9
@@ -487,10 +488,10 @@ const uint8_t FLASH SSD1306AsciiWire::System6x8[] = {
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,  // Right half block 0xde
     0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f,  // Top half block 0xdf
 
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented 0xe0
+    0xf0, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Bottom Left block 0xe0
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0xf0,  // Bottom Right block
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
+    0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Top left block 
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x0f,  // Top right block 0xe3
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
@@ -511,9 +512,8 @@ const uint8_t FLASH SSD1306AsciiWire::System6x8[] = {
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,  // Not implemented
     // Extended character 248
-    0x00, 0x06, 0x09, 0x09, 0x06, 0x00,  // degree symbol 0xf8
+    0x00, 0x06, 0x09, 0x09, 0x06, 0x00   // degree symbol 0xf8
 #endif
-    0x00
 };
 
 const uint8_t SSD1306AsciiWire::m_fontCharCount = sizeof(System6x8) / 6;

TrackManager.cpp

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include "MotorDriver.h"
 #include "DCCTimer.h"
 #include "DIAG.h"
+#include"CommandDistributor.h"
 // Virtualised Motor shield multi-track hardware Interface
 #define FOR_EACH_TRACK(t) for (byte t=0;t<=lastTrack;t++)
     
@@ -128,6 +129,7 @@ void TrackManager::addTrack(byte t, MotorDriver* driver) {
      track[t]=driver;
      if (driver) {
          track[t]->setPower(POWERMODE::OFF);
+	 track[t]->setTrackLetter('A'+t);
          lastTrack=t;
      } 
 }
@@ -203,6 +205,7 @@ bool TrackManager::setTrackMode(byte trackToSet, TRACK_MODE mode, int16_t dcAddr
 	  track[t]->setPower(POWERMODE::OFF);
 	  trackMode[t]=TRACK_MODE_OFF;
 	  track[t]->makeProgTrack(false);     // revoke prog track special handling
+    streamTrackState(NULL,t);
 	}
       track[trackToSet]->makeProgTrack(true); // set for prog track special handling
     } else {
@@ -210,7 +213,8 @@ bool TrackManager::setTrackMode(byte trackToSet, TRACK_MODE mode, int16_t dcAddr
     }
     trackMode[trackToSet]=mode;
     trackDCAddr[trackToSet]=dcAddr;
-    
+    streamTrackState(NULL,trackToSet);
+
     // When a track is switched, we must clear any side effects of its previous 
     // state, otherwise trains run away or just dont move.
 
@@ -290,36 +294,7 @@ bool TrackManager::parseJ(Print *stream, int16_t params, int16_t p[])
     
     if (params==0) { // <=>  List track assignments
         FOR_EACH_TRACK(t)
-            if (track[t]!=NULL) {
+             streamTrackState(stream,t);
-                StringFormatter::send(stream,F("<= %c "),'A'+t);
-                switch(trackMode[t]) {
-                    case TRACK_MODE_MAIN:
-                        StringFormatter::send(stream,F("MAIN"));
-			if (track[t]->trackPWM)
-			  StringFormatter::send(stream,F("+"));
-                        break;
-                    case TRACK_MODE_PROG:
-                        StringFormatter::send(stream,F("PROG"));
-			if (track[t]->trackPWM)
-			  StringFormatter::send(stream,F("+"));
-                        break;
-                    case TRACK_MODE_OFF:
-                        StringFormatter::send(stream,F("OFF"));
-                        break;
-                    case TRACK_MODE_EXT:
-                        StringFormatter::send(stream,F("EXT"));
-                        break;
-                    case TRACK_MODE_DC:
-                        StringFormatter::send(stream,F("DC %d"),trackDCAddr[t]);
-                        break;
-                    case TRACK_MODE_DCX:
-                        StringFormatter::send(stream,F("DCX %d"),trackDCAddr[t]);
-                        break;
-                    default:
-                        break; // unknown, dont care    
-                    }
-                StringFormatter::send(stream,F(">\n"));
-                }
         return true;
     }
     
@@ -349,6 +324,36 @@ bool TrackManager::parseJ(Print *stream, int16_t params, int16_t p[])
     return false;
 }
 
+void TrackManager::streamTrackState(Print* stream, byte t) {
+  // null stream means send to commandDistributor for broadcast
+  if (track[t]==NULL) return;
+  auto format=F("");
+  switch(trackMode[t]) {
+  case TRACK_MODE_MAIN:
+      format=F("<= %c MAIN>\n");
+      break;
+  case TRACK_MODE_PROG:
+      format=F("<= %c PROG>\n");
+      break;
+  case TRACK_MODE_OFF:
+      format=F("<= %c OFF>\n");
+      break;
+  case TRACK_MODE_EXT:
+      format=F("<= %c EXT>\n");
+      break;
+  case TRACK_MODE_DC:
+      format=F("<= %c DC %d>\n");
+      break;
+  case TRACK_MODE_DCX:
+      format=F("<= %c DCX %d>\n");
+      break;
+  default:
+      break; // unknown, dont care    
+  }
+  if (stream) StringFormatter::send(stream,format,'A'+t,trackDCAddr[t]);
+  else CommandDistributor::broadcastTrackState(format,'A'+t,trackDCAddr[t]);
+}
+
 byte TrackManager::nextCycleTrack=MAX_TRACKS;
 
 void TrackManager::loop() {
@@ -423,7 +428,35 @@ POWERMODE TrackManager::getProgPower() {
                 return track[t]->getPower();
     return POWERMODE::OFF;   
   }
-   
+
+void TrackManager::reportObsoleteCurrent(Print* stream) {
+  // This function is for backward JMRI compatibility only
+  // It reports the first track only, as main, regardless of track settings.
+  //  <c MeterName value C/V unit min max res warn>
+  int maxCurrent=track[0]->raw2mA(track[0]->getRawCurrentTripValue());
+  StringFormatter::send(stream, F("<c CurrentMAIN %d C Milli 0 %d 1 %d>\n"), 
+            track[0]->raw2mA(track[0]->getCurrentRaw(false)), maxCurrent, maxCurrent);                  
+}
+
+void TrackManager::reportCurrent(Print* stream) {
+    StringFormatter::send(stream,F("<jI"));
+    FOR_EACH_TRACK(t) {
+         StringFormatter::send(stream, F(" %d"),
+         (track[t]->getPower()==POWERMODE::OVERLOAD) ? -1 :
+            track[t]->raw2mA(track[t]->getCurrentRaw(false)));
+         }
+    StringFormatter::send(stream,F(">\n"));    
+}
+
+void TrackManager::reportGauges(Print* stream) {
+    StringFormatter::send(stream,F("<jG"));
+    FOR_EACH_TRACK(t) {
+         StringFormatter::send(stream, F(" %d"),
+            track[t]->raw2mA(track[t]->getRawCurrentTripValue()));
+         }
+    StringFormatter::send(stream,F(">\n"));    
+}
+
 void TrackManager::setJoinRelayPin(byte joinRelayPin) {
   joinRelay=joinRelayPin;
   if (joinRelay!=UNUSED_PIN) {

TrackManager.h

@@ -77,6 +77,11 @@ class TrackManager {
     static bool isJoined() { return progTrackSyncMain;}
     static void setJoinRelayPin(byte joinRelayPin);
     static void sampleCurrent();
+    static void reportGauges(Print* stream);
+    static void reportCurrent(Print* stream);
+    static void reportObsoleteCurrent(Print* stream); 
+    static void streamTrackState(Print* stream, byte t);
+
     static int16_t joinRelay;
     static bool progTrackSyncMain;  // true when prog track is a siding switched to main
      static bool progTrackBoosted;   // true when prog track is not current limited

Turnouts.cpp

@@ -110,49 +110,40 @@
   /* static */ bool Turnout::setClosedStateOnly(uint16_t id, bool closeFlag) {
     Turnout *tt = get(id);
     if (!tt) return false;
-    tt->_turnoutData.closed = closeFlag;
-
     // I know it says setClosedStateOnly, but we need to tell others
-    //  that the state has changed too.
+    // that the state has changed too. But we only broadcast if there
-    #if defined(EXRAIL_ACTIVE)
+    // really has been a change.
-      RMFT2::turnoutEvent(id, closeFlag);
+    if (tt->_turnoutData.closed != closeFlag) {
-    #endif
+      tt->_turnoutData.closed = closeFlag;
-
+      CommandDistributor::broadcastTurnout(id, closeFlag);
-    CommandDistributor::broadcastTurnout(id, closeFlag);
+    }
+#if defined(EXRAIL_ACTIVE)
+    RMFT2::turnoutEvent(id, closeFlag);
+#endif
     return true;
   }
 
-
+#define DIAG_IO
   // Static setClosed function is invoked from close(), throw() etc. to perform the 
   //  common parts of the turnout operation.  Code which is specific to a turnout
   //  type should be placed in the virtual function setClosedInternal(bool) which is
   //  called from here.
   /* static */ bool Turnout::setClosed(uint16_t id, bool closeFlag) { 
-  #if defined(DIAG_IO)
+#if defined(DIAG_IO)
-    if (closeFlag) 
+    DIAG(F("Turnout(%d,%c)"), id, closeFlag ? 'c':'t');
-      DIAG(F("Turnout::close(%d)"), id);
+#endif
-    else
-      DIAG(F("Turnout::throw(%d)"), id);
-  #endif
     Turnout *tt = Turnout::get(id);
     if (!tt) return false;
     bool ok = tt->setClosedInternal(closeFlag);
 
     if (ok) {
-      
+      tt->setClosedStateOnly(id, closeFlag);
 #ifndef DISABLE_EEPROM
       // Write byte containing new closed/thrown state to EEPROM if required.  Note that eepromAddress
       // is always zero for LCN turnouts.
       if (EEStore::eeStore->data.nTurnouts > 0 && tt->_eepromAddress > 0) 
         EEPROM.put(tt->_eepromAddress, tt->_turnoutData.flags);
 #endif
-
-    #if defined(EXRAIL_ACTIVE)
-      RMFT2::turnoutEvent(id, closeFlag);
-    #endif
-
-      // Send message to JMRI etc.
-      CommandDistributor::broadcastTurnout(id, closeFlag);
     }
     return ok;
   }
@@ -298,7 +289,6 @@
 #ifndef IO_NO_HAL
     IODevice::writeAnalogue(_servoTurnoutData.vpin, 
       close ? _servoTurnoutData.closedPosition : _servoTurnoutData.thrownPosition, _servoTurnoutData.profile);
-    _turnoutData.closed = close;
 #else
     (void)close;  // avoid compiler warnings
 #endif
@@ -396,7 +386,6 @@
     // and Close writes a 0.  
     // RCN-213 specifies that Throw is 0 and Close is 1.
     DCC::setAccessory(_dccTurnoutData.address, _dccTurnoutData.subAddress, close ^ !rcn213Compliant);
-    _turnoutData.closed = close;
     return true;
   }
 
@@ -472,7 +461,6 @@
 
   bool VpinTurnout::setClosedInternal(bool close) {
     IODevice::write(_vpinTurnoutData.vpin, close);
-    _turnoutData.closed = close;
     return true;
   }
 
@@ -523,7 +511,10 @@
   bool LCNTurnout::setClosedInternal(bool close) {
     // Assume that the LCN command still uses 1 for throw and 0 for close...
     LCN::send('T', _turnoutData.id, !close);
-    // The _turnoutData.closed flag should be updated by a message from the LCN master, later.
+    // The _turnoutData.closed flag should be updated by a message from the LCN master.
+    // but in this implementation it is updated in setClosedStateOnly() instead.
+    // If the LCN master updates this, setClosedStateOnly() and all setClosedInternal()
+    // have to be updated accordingly so that the closed flag is only set once.
     return true;
   }
 

WifiInterface.cpp

@@ -125,17 +125,18 @@ wifiSerialState WifiInterface::setup(Stream & setupStream,  const FSH* SSid, con
   wifiState = setup2( SSid, password, hostname,  port, channel);
 
   if (wifiState == WIFI_NOAT) {
-      DIAG(F("++ Wifi Setup NO AT ++"));
+    LCD(4, F("WiFi no AT chip"));
-      return wifiState;
+    return wifiState;
   }
  
   if (wifiState == WIFI_CONNECTED) {
     StringFormatter::send(wifiStream, F("ATE0\r\n")); // turn off the echo 
-    checkForOK(200, true);      
+    checkForOK(200, true);
+    DIAG(F("WiFi CONNECTED"));
+    // LCD already shows IP
+  } else {
+    LCD(4,F("WiFi DISCON."));
   }
-
-    
-  DIAG(F("++ Wifi Setup %S ++"), wifiState == WIFI_CONNECTED ? F("CONNECTED") : F("DISCONNECTED"));
   return wifiState;
 }
 

config.example.h

@@ -125,10 +125,10 @@ The configuration file for DCC-EX Command Station
 // define LCD_DRIVER for I2C address 0x27, 16 cols, 2 rows
 // #define LCD_DRIVER  0x27,16,2
 
-//OR define OLED_DRIVER width,height in pixels (address auto detected)
+//OR define OLED_DRIVER width,height[,address] in pixels (address auto detected if not supplied)
 // 128x32 or 128x64 I2C SSD1306-based devices are supported.
 // Use 132,64 for a SH1106-based I2C device with a 128x64 display.
-// #define OLED_DRIVER 128,32
+// #define OLED_DRIVER 128,32,0x3c
 
 // Define scroll mode as 0, 1 or 2
 //  *  #define SCROLLMODE 0 is scroll continuous (fill screen if poss),
@@ -225,7 +225,4 @@ The configuration file for DCC-EX Command Station
 //#define SERIAL_BT_COMMANDS
 
 
-// FastClock Enabler
-// To build the FastClock code into the CS please uncomment the line below
-//#define USEFASTCLOCK
 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

config.h.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+/**********************************************************************
+
+Config.h
+COPYRIGHT (c) 2013-2016 Gregg E. Berman
+COPYRIGHT (c) 2020 Fred Decker
+
+The configuration file for DCC++ EX Command Station
+
+**********************************************************************/
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//  NOTE: Before connecting these boards and selecting one in this software
+//        check the quick install guides!!! Some of these boards require a voltage
+//        generating resitor on the current sense pin of the device. Failure to select
+//        the correct resistor could damage the sense pin on your Arduino or destroy
+//        the device.
+//
+// DEFINE MOTOR_SHIELD_TYPE BELOW ACCORDING TO THE FOLLOWING TABLE:
+//
+//  STANDARD_MOTOR_SHIELD : Arduino Motor shield Rev3 based on the L298 with 18V 2A per channel
+//  POLOLU_MOTOR_SHIELD   : Pololu MC33926 Motor Driver (not recommended for prog track)
+//  FUNDUMOTO_SHIELD      : Fundumoto Shield, no current sensing (not recommended, no short protection)
+//  FIREBOX_MK1           : The Firebox MK1                    
+//  FIREBOX_MK1S          : The Firebox MK1S    
+//   |
+//   +-----------------------v
+//
+// #define STANDARD_MOTOR_SHIELD F("STANDARD_MOTOR_SHIELD"),                                              
+//                               new MotorDriver(3, 12, UNUSED_PIN, 9, A0, 0.488, 1500, UNUSED_PIN),
+//                               new MotorDriver(11, 13, UNUSED_PIN, 8, A1, 0.488, 1500, UNUSED_PIN)
+
+#define MOTOR_SHIELD_TYPE STANDARD_MOTOR_SHIELD
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+// The IP port to talk to a WIFI or Ethernet shield.
+//
+#define IP_PORT 2560
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+// NOTE: Only supported on Arduino Mega
+// Set to false if you not even want it on the Arduino Mega
+//
+//#define ENABLE_WIFI true
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+// DEFINE WiFi Parameters (only in effect if WIFI is on)
+//
+// If DONT_TOUCH_WIFI_CONF is set, all WIFI config will be done with
+// the <+> commands and this sketch will not change anything over
+// AT commands and the other WIFI_* defines below do not have any effect.
+//#define DONT_TOUCH_WIFI_CONF
+//
+// WIFI_SSID is the network name IF you want to use your existing home network.
+// Do NOT change this if you want to use the WiFi in Access Point (AP) mode. 
+//
+// If you do NOT set the WIFI_SSID, the WiFi chip will first try
+// to connect to the previously configured network and if that fails
+// fall back to Access Point mode. The SSID of the AP will be
+// automatically set to DCCEX_*.
+//
+// Your SSID may not conain ``"'' (double quote, ASCII 0x22).
+#define WIFI_SSID "Your network name"
+//
+// WIFI_PASSWORD is the network password for your home network or if
+// you want to change the password from default AP mode password
+// to the AP password you want. 
+// Your password may not conain ``"'' (double quote, ASCII 0x22).
+#define WIFI_PASSWORD "deadcafe"
+//
+// WIFI_HOSTNAME: You probably don't need to change this
+#define WIFI_HOSTNAME "dccex"
+//
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+// Wifi connect timeout in milliseconds. Default is 14000 (14 seconds). You only need
+// to set this if you have an extremely slow Wifi router.
+//
+#define WIFI_CONNECT_TIMEOUT 14000
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+// ENABLE_ETHERNET: Set to true if you have an Arduino Ethernet card (wired). This
+// is not for Wifi. You will then need the Arduino Ethernet library as well
+//
+//#define ENABLE_ETHERNET true
+
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+// DEFINE STATIC IP ADDRESS *OR* COMMENT OUT TO USE DHCP
+//
+//#define IP_ADDRESS { 192, 168, 1, 31 }
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+// DEFINE MAC ADDRESS ARRAY FOR ETHERNET COMMUNICATIONS INTERFACE
+//
+// Uncomment to use with Ethernet Shields
+//
+// Ethernet Shields do not have have a MAC address in hardware. There may be one on 
+// a sticker on the Shield that you should use. Otherwise choose one of the ones below
+// Be certain that no other device on your network has this same MAC address!
+//
+// 52:b8:8a:8e:ce:21
+// e3:e9:73:e1:db:0d
+// 54:2b:13:52:ac:0c
+
+// NOTE: This is not used with ESP8266 WiFi modules.
+
+//#define MAC_ADDRESS { 0x52, 0xB8, 0x8A, 0x8E, 0xCE, 0x21 }      // MAC address of your networking card found on the sticker on your card or take one from above
+
+// 
+// #define MAC_ADDRESS {  0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF, 0xFE, 0xEF }
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+// DEFINE LCD SCREEN USAGE BY THE BASE STATION
+//
+// Note: This feature requires an I2C enabled LCD screen using a Hitachi  HD44780
+//       controller and a PCF8574 based I2C 'backpack',
+//       OR an I2C Oled screen based on SSD1306 (128x64 or 128x32) controller,
+//       OR an I2C Oled screen based on SH1106 (132x64) controller.
+// To enable, uncomment one of the lines below
+
+// define LCD_DRIVER for I2C LCD address 0x3f,16 cols, 2 rows
+//#define LCD_DRIVER  {SubBus_4,0x27},20,4
+
+//OR define OLED_DRIVER width,height in pixels (address auto detected) 
+#if defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_STM32) 
+#define OLED_DRIVER 0x3c, 128, 64
+#else
+#define OLED_DRIVER {SubBus_0,0x3c}, 128, 32
+#endif
+
+#define SCROLLMODE 1
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// DISABLE EEPROM
+//
+// If you do not need the EEPROM at all, you can disable all the code that saves
+// data in the EEPROM. You might want to do that if you are in a Arduino UNO
+// and want to use the EX-RAIL automation. Otherwise you do not have enough RAM
+// to do that. Of course, then none of the EEPROM related commands work.
+//
+#define DISABLE_EEPROM
+
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+// DEFINE TURNOUTS/ACCESSORIES FOLLOW NORM RCN-213
+//
+// According to norm RCN-213 a DCC packet with a 1 is closed/straight
+// and one with a 0 is thrown/diverging.  In DCC++ Classic, and in previous
+// versions of DCC++EX, a turnout throw command was implemented in the packet as 
+// '1' and a close command as '0'. The #define below makes the states
+// match with the norm.  But we don't want to cause havoc on existent layouts,
+// so we define this only for new installations. If you don't want this,
+// don't add it to your config.h.
+//#define DCC_TURNOUTS_RCN_213
+
+// The following #define likewise inverts the behaviour of the <a> command 
+// for triggering DCC Accessory Decoders, so that <a addr subaddr 0> generates a 
+// DCC packet with D=1 (close turnout) and <a addr subaddr 1> generates D=0 
+// (throw turnout).
+//#define DCC_ACCESSORY_RCN_213
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

installer.sh

@@ -69,10 +69,10 @@ else
     # need to do this config better
     cp -p config.example.h config.h
 fi
-need curl
 if test -x "$ACLI" ; then
     : all well
 else
+    need curl
     curl "$ACLIINSTALL" > acliinstall.sh
     chmod +x acliinstall.sh
     ./acliinstall.sh

myAutomation.example.h

@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@
  *  
  */
 
-// This is the startup sequence, AKA SEQUENCE(0)
+// This is the startup sequence, 
+AUTOSTART
+POWERON        // turn on track power
 SENDLOCO(3,1) // send loco 3 off along route 1
 SENDLOCO(10,2) // send loco 10 off along route 2
 DONE     // This just ends the startup thread, leaving 2 others running.

myHal.cpp.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,465 @@
+#include "defines.h"
+#include "IODevice.h"
+
+#ifndef IO_NO_HAL
+
+#include "IO_VL53L0X.h"
+#include "IO_HCSR04.h"
+#include "Sensors.h"
+#include "Turnouts.h"
+#include "IO_DFPlayer.h"
+//#include "IO_Wire.h"
+#include "IO_AnalogueInputs.h"
+#if __has_include("IO_Servo.h")
+#include "IO_Servo.h"
+#include "IO_PCA9685pwm.h"
+#endif
+
+#include "IO_HALDisplay.h"
+#include "LiquidCrystal_I2C.h"
+
+#if __has_include("IO_CMRI.h")
+#include "IO_CMRI.h"
+#endif
+
+//#include "IO_ExampleSerial.h"
+
+//#include "IO_EXFastclock.h"
+//#include "IO_EXTurntable.h"
+
+#if __has_include("IO_ExternalEEPROM.h")
+#include "IO_ExternalEEPROM.h"
+#endif
+
+#if __has_include("IO_Network.h")
+#include "IO_Network.h"
+#include "Net_RF24.h"
+#include "Net_ENC28J60.h"
+#include "Net_Ethernet.h"
+#define NETWORK_PRESENT
+#endif
+
+#include "IO_TouchKeypad.h"
+
+#define WIRE_TEST 0
+#define TESTHARNESS 1
+#define I2C_STRESS_TEST 0
+#define I2C_SETCLOCK 0
+
+#include "DCC.h"
+
+
+#if 0 // Long Strings
+#define s10 "0123456789"
+#define s100 s10 s10 s10 s10 s10 s10 s10 s10 s10 s10
+#define s1k s100 s100 s100 s100 s100 s100 s100 s100 s100 s100
+#define s10k s1k s1k s1k s1k s1k s1k s1k s1k s1k s1k
+#define s32k s10k s10k s10k s1k s1k
+volatile const char PROGMEM ss1[] = s32k;
+#endif
+
+
+#if TESTHARNESS
+
+// Function to be invoked by test harness
+void myTest() {
+  // DIAG(F("VL53L0X #1 Test: dist=%d signal=%d ambient=%d value=%d"), 
+  //   IODevice::readAnalogue(5000),
+  //   IODevice::readAnalogue(5001),
+  //   IODevice::readAnalogue(5002),
+  //   IODevice::read(5000));
+  // DIAG(F("VL53L0X #2 Test: dist=%d signal=%d ambient=%d value=%d"), 
+  //   IODevice::readAnalogue(5003),
+  //   IODevice::readAnalogue(5004),
+  //   IODevice::readAnalogue(5005),
+  //   IODevice::read(5003));
+  // DIAG(F("HCSR04 Test: dist=%d value=%d"),
+  //   IODevice::readAnalogue(2000),
+  //   IODevice::read(2000));
+  // DIAG(F("ADS111x Test: %d %d %d %d %d"), 
+  //   IODevice::readAnalogue(4500), 
+  //   IODevice::readAnalogue(4501),
+  //   IODevice::readAnalogue(4502),
+  //   IODevice::readAnalogue(4503),
+  //   IODevice::readAnalogue(A5)
+  // );
+  // DIAG(F("RF24 Test: 4000:%d 4002:%d"), 
+  //   IODevice::read(4000), 
+  //   IODevice::read(4002)
+  // );
+  DIAG(F("EXPANDER: 2212:%d 2213:%d 2214:%d"),
+    IODevice::readAnalogue(2212), 
+    IODevice::readAnalogue(2213),
+    IODevice::readAnalogue(2214));
+}
+#endif
+
+#if I2C_STRESS_TEST
+static bool initialised = false;
+static uint8_t lastStatus = 0;
+static const int nRBs = 3; // request blocks concurrently
+static const int I2cTestPeriod = 1; // milliseconds
+static I2CAddress testDevice = {SubBus_6, 0x27};
+static I2CRB rb[nRBs];
+static uint8_t readBuffer[nRBs*32]; // nRB x 32-byte input buffer
+static uint8_t writeBuffer[nRBs];  // nRB x 1-byte output buffer
+static unsigned long count = 0;
+static unsigned long errors = 0;
+static unsigned long lastOutput = millis();
+
+void I2CTest() {
+  if (!initialised) {
+    // I2C Loading for stress test.
+    // Write value then read back 32 times
+    for (int i=0; i<nRBs; i++) {
+      writeBuffer[i] = (0xc5 ^ i ^ i<<3 ^ i<<6) & ~0x08; // bit corresponding to 08 is hard-wired low
+      rb[i].setRequestParams(testDevice, &readBuffer[i*32], 32, 
+        &writeBuffer[i], 1);
+      I2CManager.queueRequest(&rb[i]);
+    }
+    initialised = true;
+  }
+
+  for (int i=0; i<nRBs; i++) {
+    if (!rb[i].isBusy()) {
+      count++;
+      uint8_t status = rb[i].status;
+      if (status != lastStatus) {
+        DIAG(F("I2CTest: status=%d (%S)"), 
+          (int)status, I2CManager.getErrorMessage(status));
+        lastStatus = status; 
+      }
+      if (status == I2C_STATUS_OK) {
+        bool diff = false;
+        // Check contents of response
+        for (uint8_t j=0; j<32; j++) {
+          if (readBuffer[i*32+j] != writeBuffer[i]) {
+            DIAG(F("I2CTest: Received message mismatch, sent %2x rcvd %2x"), 
+              writeBuffer[i], readBuffer[i*32+j]);
+            diff = true;
+          }
+        }
+        if (diff) errors++;
+      } else
+        errors++;
+      I2CManager.queueRequest(&rb[i]);
+    }
+  }
+  if (millis() - lastOutput > 60000) { // 1 minute
+    DIAG(F("I2CTest: Count=%l Errors=%l"), count, errors);
+    count = errors = 0;
+    lastOutput = millis();
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+void updateLocoScreen() {
+  for (int i=0; i<8; i++) {
+    if (DCC::speedTable[i].loco > 0) {
+      int speed = DCC::speedTable[i].speedCode;
+      char direction = (speed & 0x80) ? 'R' : 'F';
+      speed = speed & 0x7f;
+      if (speed > 0) speed = speed - 1;
+      SCREEN(3, i, F("Loco:%4d %3d %c"), DCC::speedTable[i].loco,
+        speed, direction);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void updateTime() {
+  uint8_t buffer[20];
+  I2CAddress rtc = {SubBus_1, 0x68};  // Real-time clock I2C address
+  buffer[0] = 0;
+
+  // Set time - only needs to be done once if battery is ok.
+  static bool timeSet = false;
+  if (!timeSet) {
+    // I2CManager.read(rtc, buffer+1, sizeof(buffer)-1);
+    // uint8_t year = 23;    // 2023
+    // uint8_t day = 2;      // tuesday
+    // uint8_t date = 21;    // 21st
+    // uint8_t month = 2;    // feb
+    // uint8_t hours = 23;   // xx:
+    // uint8_t minutes = 25; // :xx
+    // buffer[1] = 0;   // seconds
+    // buffer[2] = ((minutes / 10) << 4) | (minutes % 10);
+    // buffer[3] = ((hours / 10) << 4) | (hours % 10);
+    // buffer[4] = day;
+    // buffer[5] = ((date/10) << 4) + date%10; // 24th
+    // buffer[6] = ((month/10) << 4) + month%10; // feb
+    // buffer[7] = ((year/10) << 4) + year%10; // xx23
+    // for (uint8_t i=8; i<sizeof(buffer); i++) buffer[i] = 0;
+    // I2CManager.write(rtc, buffer, sizeof(buffer));
+    timeSet = true;
+  }
+
+  uint8_t status = I2CManager.read(rtc, buffer+1, sizeof(buffer)-1, 1, 0);
+  if (status == I2C_STATUS_OK) {
+    uint8_t seconds10 = buffer[1] >> 4;
+    uint8_t seconds1 = buffer[1] & 0xf;
+    uint8_t minutes10 = buffer[2] >> 4;
+    uint8_t minutes1 = buffer[2] & 0xf;
+    uint8_t hours10 = buffer[3] >> 4;
+    uint8_t hours1 = buffer[3] & 0xf;
+    SCREEN(10, 0, F("Departures  %d%d:%d%d:%d%d"), 
+      hours10, hours1, minutes10, minutes1, seconds10, seconds1);
+  }
+}
+
+void showCharacterSet() {
+  if (millis() < 3000) return;
+  const uint8_t lineLen = 20;
+  char buffer[lineLen+1];
+  static uint8_t nextChar = 0x20;
+  for (uint8_t row=0; row<8; row+=1) {
+    for (uint8_t col=0; col<lineLen; col++) {
+      buffer[col] = nextChar++;
+      buffer[++col] = ' ';
+      if (nextChar == 0) nextChar = 0x20; // check for wrap-around
+    }
+    buffer[lineLen] = '\0';
+    SCREEN(3, row, F("%s"), buffer);
+  }
+}
+
+#if defined(ARDUINO_NUCLEO_F446RE)
+HardwareSerial Serial3(PC11, PC10);
+#endif
+
+
+// HAL device initialisation
+void halSetup() {
+
+  I2CManager.setTimeout(500); // microseconds
+  I2CManager.forceClock(400000);
+
+  HALDisplay<OLED>::create(10, {SubBus_5, 0x3c}, 132, 64); // SH1106
+  // UserAddin::create(updateLocoScreen, 1000);
+  // UserAddin::create(showCharacterSet, 5000);
+  // UserAddin::create(updateTime, 1000);
+  
+  HALDisplay<OLED>::create(10, {SubBus_4, 0x3c}, 128, 32);
+  HALDisplay<OLED>::create(10, {SubBus_7, 0x3c}, 128, 32);
+
+  //HALDisplay<LiquidCrystal_I2C>::create(10, {SubBus_4, 0x27}, 20, 4);
+
+    // Draw double boxes with X O O X inside.
+  // SCREEN(3, 2, F("\xc9\xcd\xcd\xcd\xcb\xcd\xcd\xcd\xcb\xcd\xcd\xcd\xcb\xcd\xcd\xcd\xcb\xcd\xcd\xcd\xbb"));
+  // SCREEN(3, 3, F("\xba X \xba O \xba O \xba O \xba X \xba"));
+  // SCREEN(3, 4, F("\xcc\xcd\xcd\xcd\xce\xcd\xcd\xcd\xce\xcd\xcd\xcd\xce\xcd\xcd\xcd\xce\xcd\xcd\xcd\xb9"));
+  // SCREEN(3, 5, F("\xba X \xba O \xba O \xba O \xba X \xba"));
+  // SCREEN(3, 6, F("\xc8\xcd\xcd\xcd\xca\xcd\xcd\xcd\xca\xcd\xcd\xcd\xca\xcd\xcd\xcd\xca\xcd\xcd\xcd\xbc"));
+
+  // Draw single boxes with X O O X inside.
+  // SCREEN(3, 0, F("Summary Data:"));
+  // SCREEN(3, 1, F("\xda\xc4\xc4\xc4\xc2\xc4\xc4\xc4\xc2\xc4\xc4\xc4\xc2\xc4\xc4\xc4\xc2\xc4\xc4\xc4\xbf"));
+  // SCREEN(3, 2, F("\xb3 X \xb3 O \xb3 O \xb3 O \xb3 X \xb3"));
+  // SCREEN(3, 3, F("\xc3\xc4\xc4\xc4\xc5\xc4\xc4\xc4\xc5\xc4\xc4\xc4\xc5\xc4\xc4\xc4\xc5\xc4\xc4\xc4\xb4"));
+  // SCREEN(3, 4, F("\xb3 X \xb3 O \xb3 O \xb3 O \xb3 X \xb3"));
+  // SCREEN(3, 5, F("\xc3\xc4\xc4\xc4\xc5\xc4\xc4\xc4\xc5\xc4\xc4\xc4\xc5\xc4\xc4\xc4\xc5\xc4\xc4\xc4\xb4"));
+  // SCREEN(3, 6, F("\xb3 X \xb3 O \xb3 O \xb3 O \xb3 X \xb3"));
+  // SCREEN(3, 7, F("\xc0\xc4\xc4\xc4\xc1\xc4\xc4\xc4\xc1\xc4\xc4\xc4\xc1\xc4\xc4\xc4\xc1\xc4\xc4\xc4\xd9"));
+
+  // Blocks of different greyness
+  // SCREEN(3, 0, F("\xb0\xb0\xb0\xb0\xb1\xb1\xb1\xb1\xb2\xb2\xb2\xb2\xdb\xdb\xdb\xdb"));
+  // SCREEN(3, 1, F("\xb0\xb0\xb0\xb0\xb1\xb1\xb1\xb1\xb2\xb2\xb2\xb2\xdb\xdb\xdb\xdb"));
+  // SCREEN(3, 2, F("\xb0\xb0\xb0\xb0\xb1\xb1\xb1\xb1\xb2\xb2\xb2\xb2\xdb\xdb\xdb\xdb"));
+
+  // DCCEX logo
+  // SCREEN(3, 1, F("\xb0\xb0\x20\x20\x20\xb0\x20\x20\x20\xb0\x20\x20\x20\x20\xb0\xb0\xb0\x20\xb0\x20\xb0"));
+  // SCREEN(3, 2, F("\xb0\x20\xb0\x20\xb0\x20\xb0\x20\xb0\x20\xb0\x20\x20\x20\xb0\x20\x20\x20\xb0\x20\xb0"));
+  // SCREEN(3, 3, F("\xb0\x20\xb0\x20\xb0\x20\x20\x20\xb0\x20\x20\x20\xb0\x20\xb0\xb0\x20\x20\x20\xb0\x20"));
+  // SCREEN(3, 4, F("\xb0\x20\xb0\x20\xb0\x20\xb0\x20\xb0\x20\xb0\x20\x20\x20\xb0\x20\x20\x20\xb0\x20\xb0"));
+  // SCREEN(3, 5, F("\xb0\xb0\x20\x20\x20\xb0\x20\x20\x20\xb0\x20\x20\x20\x20\xb0\xb0\xb0\x20\xb0\x20\xb0"));
+  // SCREEN(3, 7, F("\xb1\xb1\xb1\xb1\xb1\xb1\xb1\xb1\xb1\xb1\xb1\xb1\xb1\xb1\xb1\xb1\xb1\xb1\xb1\xb1\xb1"));
+  
+#if 0
+  // List versions of devices that respond to the version request
+  for (uint8_t address = 8; address<0x78; address++) {
+    uint8_t buffer[3];
+    uint8_t status = I2CManager.read(0x7c, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 1, address);
+    if (status == I2C_STATUS_OK) {
+      uint16_t manufacturer = ((uint16_t)buffer[0] << 4 ) | (buffer[1] >> 4);
+      uint16_t deviceID = ((uint16_t)(buffer[1] & 0x0f) << 5) | (buffer[2] >> 3);
+      uint16_t dieRevision = buffer[2] & 0x1f;
+      DIAG(F("Addr %s version: %x %x %x"), address.toString(), manufacturer, deviceID, dieRevision);
+    } 
+  }
+#endif
+
+#if I2C_STRESS_TEST
+  UserAddin::create(I2CTest, I2cTestPeriod);
+#endif
+
+#if WIRE_TEST
+  // Test of Wire-I2CManager interface
+  Wire.begin();
+  Wire.setClock(400000);
+  Wire.beginTransmission(0x23);
+  Wire.print("Hello");
+  uint8_t status = Wire.endTransmission();
+  if (status==0) DIAG(F("Wire: device Found on 0x23"));
+
+  Wire.beginTransmission(0x23);
+  Wire.write(0xde);
+  Wire.endTransmission(false); // don't send stop
+  Wire.requestFrom(0x23, 1);
+  if (Wire.available()) {
+    DIAG(F("Wire: value=x%x"), Wire.read());
+  }
+  uint8_t st = I2CManager.write(0x33, 0, 0);
+  DIAG(F("I2CManager 0x33 st=%d \"%S\""), st, 
+    I2CManager.getErrorMessage(st));
+#endif
+
+#if I2C_SETCLOCK
+  // Test I2C clock changes
+  // Set up two I2C request blocks
+  I2CRB rb1, rb2;
+  uint8_t readBuff[32];
+  rb1.setRequestParams(0x23, readBuff, sizeof(readBuff), readBuff, sizeof(readBuff));
+  rb2.setRequestParams(0x23, readBuff, sizeof(readBuff), readBuff, sizeof(readBuff));
+  // First set clock to 400kHz and then issue requests
+  I2CManager.forceClock(400000);
+  I2CManager.queueRequest(&rb1);
+  I2CManager.queueRequest(&rb2);
+  // Wait a little to allow the first transaction to start
+  delayMicroseconds(2);
+  // ... then request a clock speed change
+  I2CManager.forceClock(100000);
+  DIAG(F("I2CClock: rb1 status=%d"), rb1.wait());
+  DIAG(F("I2CClock: rb2 status=%d"), rb2.wait());
+  // Reset clock speed
+  I2CManager.forceClock(400000);
+#endif
+  
+  EXIOExpander::create(2200, 18, {SubBus_0, 0x65});
+  //UserAddin::create(myTest, 1000);
+  // ServoTurnout::create(2200, 2200, 400, 200, 0);
+  // ServoTurnout::create(2200, 2200, 400, 200, 0);
+
+  TouchKeypad::create(2300, 16, 25, 24);
+
+  // GPIO
+  PCF8574::create(800, 8, {SubBus_1, 0x23});
+  //PCF8574::create(808, 8, {SubBus_2, 0x27});
+  PCF8574::create(65000, 8, 0x27);
+
+  MCP23017::create(164,16,{SubBus_3, 0x20});
+  //MCP23017::create(180,16,{SubBus_0, 0x27});
+  Sensor::create(170, 170, 1); // Hall effect, enable pullup.
+  Sensor::create(171, 171, 1);
+
+  // PWM (LEDs and Servos)
+  // For servos, use default 50Hz pulses.
+  PCA9685::create(100, 16, {SubBus_1, 0x41});
+  // For LEDs, use 1kHz pulses.
+  PCA9685::create(116, 16, {SubBus_1, 0x40}, 1000);
+
+  // 4-pin Analogue Input Module
+  //ADS111x::create(4500, 4, 0x48);
+
+  // Laser Time-Of-Flight Sensors
+  VL53L0X::create(5000, 3, {SubBus_0, 0x60}, 300, 310, 46);
+  //VL53L0X::create(5003, 3, {SubBus_6, 0x61}, 300, 310, 47);
+  Sensor::create(5000, 5000, 0);
+  Sensor::create(5003, 5003, 0);
+  // Monitor reset digital on first TOF
+  //Sensor::create(46,46,0);
+
+  // // External 24C256 EEPROM (256kBytes) on I2C address 0x50.
+  // ExternalEEPROM::create({SubBus_0, 0x50}, 256);
+
+  // Play up to 10 sounds on pins 10000-10009. Player is connected to Serial1 or Serial2.
+  #if defined(HAVE_HWSERIAL1) && !defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_STM32)
+  DFPlayer::create(10000, 14, Serial1);
+  #elif defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_STM32)
+  DFPlayer::create(10000, 10, Serial3);  // Pins PC11 (RX) and PC10 (TX)
+  #endif
+
+  // Ultrasound echo device
+  HCSR04::create(2000, 32, 33, 80, 85 /*, HCSR04::LOOP */);
+  Sensor::create(2000, 2000, 0);
+
+#if __has_include("IO_CMRI.h")
+  CMRIbus::create(0, Serial2, 115200, 50, 40); // 50ms cycle, pin 40 for DE/!RE pins
+  CMRInode::create(25000, 72, 0, 0, 'M'); // SMINI address 0
+  for (int pin=0; pin<24; pin++) {
+    Sensor::create(25000+pin, 25000+pin, 0);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  //CMRInode::create(25072, 72, 0, 13, 'M');  // SMINI address 13
+  //CMRInode::create(25144, 288, 0, 14, 'C', 144, 144); // CPNODE address 14
+
+#ifdef NETWORK_PRESENT
+  // Define remote pins to be used.  The range of remote pins is like a common data area shared
+  // between all nodes.
+  // For outputs, a write to a remote VPIN causes a message to be sent to another node, which then performs
+  // the write operation on the device VPIN that is local to that node.
+  // For inputs, the state of remote input VPIN is read on the node where it is connected, and then 
+  // sent to other nodes in the system where the state is saved and processed.  Updates are sent on change, and
+  // also periodically if no changes.
+  //
+  // Each definition is a triple of remote node, remote pin, indexed by relative pin.  Up to 224 rpins can
+  // be configured (per node).  This is to fit into a 32-byte packet.
+  REMOTEPINS rpins[] = {
+      {30,164,RPIN_IN} ,       //4000  Node 30, first MCP23017 pin, input
+      {30,165,RPIN_IN},        //4001  Node 30, second MCP23017 pin, input
+      {30,166,RPIN_OUT},       //4002  Node 30, third MCP23017 pin, output
+      {30,166,RPIN_OUT},       //4003  Node 30, fourth MCP23017 pin, output
+      {30,100,RPIN_INOUT},     //4004  Node 30, first PCA9685 servo pin
+      {30,101,RPIN_INOUT},     //4005  Node 30, second PCA9685 servo pin
+      {30,102,RPIN_INOUT},     //4006  Node 30, third PCA9685 servo pin
+      {30,103,RPIN_INOUT},     //4007  Node 30, fourth PCA9685 servo pin
+      {30,24,RPIN_IN},         //4008  Node 30, Arduino pin D24
+      {30,25,RPIN_IN},         //4009  Node 30, Arduino pin D25
+      {30,26,RPIN_IN},         //4010  Node 30, Arduino pin D26
+      {30,27,RPIN_IN},         //4011  Node 30, Arduino pin D27
+      {30,1000,RPIN_OUT},      //4012  Node 30, DFPlayer playing flag (when read) / Song selector (when written)
+      {30,5000,RPIN_IN},       //4013  Node 30, VL53L0X detect pin
+      {30,VPIN_NONE,0},        //4014  Node 30, spare
+      {30,VPIN_NONE,0},        //4015  Node 30, spare
+    
+      {31,164,RPIN_IN} ,       //4016  Node 31, first MCP23017 pin, input
+      {31,165,RPIN_IN},        //4017  Node 31, second MCP23017 pin, input
+      {31,166,RPIN_OUT},       //4018  Node 31, third MCP23017 pin, output
+      {31,166,RPIN_OUT},       //4019  Node 31, fourth MCP23017 pin, output
+      {31,100,RPIN_INOUT},     //4020  Node 31, first PCA9685 servo pin
+      {31,101,RPIN_INOUT},     //4021  Node 31, second PCA9685 servo pin
+      {31,102,RPIN_INOUT},     //4022  Node 31, third PCA9685 servo pin
+      {31,103,RPIN_INOUT},     //4023  Node 31, fourth PCA9685 servo pin
+      {31,24,RPIN_IN},         //4024  Node 31, Arduino pin D24
+      {31,25,RPIN_IN},         //4025  Node 31, Arduino pin D25
+      {31,26,RPIN_IN},         //4026  Node 31, Arduino pin D26
+      {31,27,RPIN_IN},         //4027  Node 31, Arduino pin D27
+      {31,3,RPIN_IN},          //4028  Node 31, Arduino pin D3
+      {31,VPIN_NONE,0},        //4029  Node 31, spare
+      {31,VPIN_NONE,0},        //4030  Node 31, spare
+      {31,VPIN_NONE,0}         //4031  Node 31, spare
+    };
+  // FirstVPIN, nPins, thisNode, pinDefs, CEPin, CSNPin
+  // Net_RF24 *rf24Driver = new Net_RF24(48, 49);
+  // Network<Net_RF24>::create(4000, NUMREMOTEPINS(rpins), NODE, rpins, rf24Driver);
+  #if NODE==30
+  //Net_ENC28J60 *encDriver = new Net_ENC28J60(49);
+  //Network<Net_ENC28J60>::create(4000, NUMREMOTEPINS(rpins), NODE, rpins, encDriver);
+  #elif NODE==31
+  Net_ENC28J60 *encDriver = new Net_ENC28J60(53);
+  Network<Net_ENC28J60>::create(4000, NUMREMOTEPINS(rpins), NODE, rpins, encDriver);
+  #else
+  Net_Ethernet *etherDriver = new Net_Ethernet();
+  Network<Net_Ethernet>::create(4000, NUMREMOTEPINS(rpins), NODE, rpins, etherDriver);
+  #endif
+  for (int i=0; i<=32; i++) 
+    Sensor::create(4000+i, 4000+i, 0);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef ARDUINO_ARCH_STM32
+//PCF8574::create(1900, 8, 0x27);
+Sensor::create(1900,100,1);
+Sensor::create(1901,101,1);
+#endif
+
+}
+#endif // IO_NO_HAL

myHal.cpp_example.txt

@@ -17,9 +17,11 @@
 
 // Include devices you need.
 #include "IODevice.h"
-#include "IO_HCSR04.h"    // Ultrasonic range sensor
+//#include "IO_HALDisplay.h"  // Auxiliary display devices (LCD/OLED)
-#include "IO_VL53L0X.h"   // Laser time-of-flight sensor
+//#include "IO_HCSR04.h"    // Ultrasonic range sensor
-#include "IO_DFPlayer.h"  // MP3 sound player
+//#include "IO_VL53L0X.h"   // Laser time-of-flight sensor
+//#include "IO_DFPlayer.h"  // MP3 sound player
+//#include "IO_TouchKeypad.h  // Touch keypad with 16 keys
 //#include "IO_EXTurntable.h"   // Turntable-EX turntable controller
 //#include "IO_EXFastClock.h"  // FastClock driver
 
@@ -31,6 +33,61 @@
 
 void halSetup() {
 
+  //=======================================================================
+  // The following directives define auxiliary display devices.
+  // These can be defined in addition to the system display (display
+  // number 0) that is defined in config.h.
+  // A write to a line which is beyond the length of the screen will overwrite
+  // the bottom line, unless the line number is 255 in which case the 
+  // screen contents will scroll up before the text is written to the
+  // bottom line.
+  //=======================================================================
+  // 
+  // Create a 128x32 OLED display device as display number 1 
+  // (line 0 is written by EX-RAIL 'SCREEN(1, 0, "text")').
+
+  //HALDisplay<OLED>::create(1, 0x3d, 128, 32);
+
+  // Create a 20x4 LCD display device as display number 2 
+  // (line 0 is written by EX-RAIL 'SCREEN(2, 0, "text")').
+
+  // HALDisplay<LiquidCrystal>(2, 0x27, 20, 4);
+
+
+  //=======================================================================
+  // User Add-ins
+  //=======================================================================
+  // User add-ins can be created when you want to do something that 
+  // can't be done in EX-RAIL but does not merit a HAL driver.  The 
+  // user add-in is a C++ function that is executed periodically by the
+  // HAL subsystem.
+
+  // Example: The function will be executed once per second and will display, 
+  // on screen #3, the first eight entries (assuming an 8-line display)
+  // from the loco speed table.
+  
+  // Put the following block of code in myHal.cpp OUTSIDE of the 
+  //   halSetup() function:
+  //
+  // void updateLocoScreen() {
+  //   for (int i=0; i<8; i++) {
+  //     if (DCC::speedTable[i].loco > 0) {
+  //       int speed = DCC::speedTable[i].speedCode;
+  //       char direction = (speed & 0x80) ? 'R' : 'F';
+  //       speed = speed & 0x7f;
+  //       if (speed > 0) speed = speed - 1;
+  //       SCREEN(3, i, F("Loco:%4d %3d %c"), DCC::speedTable[i].loco,
+  //         speed, direction);
+  //     }
+  //   }
+  // }
+  //
+  // Put the following line INSIDE the halSetup() function:
+  //
+  // UserAddin::create(updateLocoScreen, 1000);
+  //
+
+
   //=======================================================================
   // The following directive defines a PCA9685 PWM Servo driver module.
   //=======================================================================
@@ -176,6 +233,21 @@ void halSetup() {
   // DFPlayer::create(10000, 10, Serial1);
 
 
+  //=======================================================================
+  // 16-pad capacitative touch key pad based on TP229 IC.
+  //=======================================================================
+  // Parameters below:
+  //   11000 = first VPIN allocated
+  //   16 = number of VPINs allocated
+  //   25 = local GPIO pin number for clock signal
+  //   24 = local GPIO pin number for data signal
+  //
+  // Pressing the key pads numbered 1-16 cause each of the nominated digital VPINs 
+  // (11000-11015 in this case) to be activated.
+
+  // TouchKeypad::create(11000, 16, 25, 24);
+
+
   //=======================================================================
   // The following directive defines an EX-Turntable turntable instance.
   //=======================================================================

platformio.ini

@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ default_envs =
 	ESP32
 	Nucleo-F411RE
 	Nucleo-F446RE
-	Teensy3.2
+	Teensy3_2
-	Teensy3.5
+	Teensy3_5
-	Teensy3.6
+	Teensy3_6
-	Teensy4.0
+	Teensy4_0
-	Teensy4.1
+	Teensy4_1
 src_dir = .
 include_dir = .
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ monitor_speed = 115200
 monitor_echo = yes
 build_flags = -std=c++17
 
-[env:Arduino M0]
+[env:Arduino-M0]
 platform = atmelsam
 board = mzeroUSB
 framework = arduino
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ build_flags = -std=c++17  -Os -g2 -Wunused-variable -DDIAG_LOOPTIMES ; -DDIAG_IO
 monitor_speed = 115200
 monitor_echo = yes
 
-[env:Teensy3.2]
+[env:Teensy3_2]
 platform = teensy
 board = teensy31
 framework = arduino
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ build_flags = -std=c++17  -Os -g2
 lib_deps = ${env.lib_deps}
 lib_ignore = NativeEthernet
 
-[env:Teensy3.5]
+[env:Teensy3_5]
 platform = teensy
 board = teensy35
 framework = arduino
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ build_flags = -std=c++17  -Os -g2
 lib_deps = ${env.lib_deps}
 lib_ignore = NativeEthernet
 
-[env:Teensy3.6]
+[env:Teensy3_6]
 platform = teensy
 board = teensy36
 framework = arduino
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ build_flags = -std=c++17  -Os -g2
 lib_deps = ${env.lib_deps}
 lib_ignore = NativeEthernet
 
-[env:Teensy4.0]
+[env:Teensy4_0]
 platform = teensy
 board = teensy40
 framework = arduino
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ build_flags = -std=c++17  -Os -g2
 lib_deps = ${env.lib_deps}
 lib_ignore = NativeEthernet
 
-[env:Teensy4.1]
+[env:Teensy4_1]
 platform = teensy
 board = teensy41
 framework = arduino

version.h

@@ -4,7 +4,39 @@
 #include "StringFormatter.h"
 
 
-#define VERSION "4.2.18"
+#define VERSION "4.2.41"
+// 4.2.41 - Move HAl startup to ASAP in setup()
+//        - Fix DNOU8 output pin setup to all LOW  
+// 4.2.40 - Automatically detect conflicting default I2C devices and disable
+// 4.2.39 - DFplayer driver now polls device to detect failures and errors.
+// 4.2.38 - Clean up compiler warning when IO_RotaryEncoder.h included
+// 4.2.37 - Add new FLAGS HAL device for communications to/from EX-RAIL;
+//        - Fix diag display of high VPINs within IODevice class.
+// 4.2.36 - do not broadcast a turnout state that has not changed
+//        - Use A2/A3 for current sensing on ESP32 + Motor Shield
+// 4.2.35 - add <z> direct pin manipulation command 
+// 4.2.34 - Completely fix EX-IOExpander analogue inputs
+// 4.2.33 - Fix EX-IOExpander non-working analogue inputs
+// 4.2.32 - Fix LCD/Display bugfixes from 4.2.29
+// 4.2.31 - Removes EXRAIL statup from top of file. (BREAKING CHANGE !!)
+//          Just add AUTOSTART to the top of your myAutomation.h to restore this function.
+// 4.2.30 - Fixes/enhancements to EX-IOExpander device driver.
+// 4.2.29 - Bugfix Scroll LCD without empty lines and consistent
+// 4.2.28 - Reinstate use of timer11 in STM32 - remove HA mode.
+//        - Update IO_DFPlayer to work with MP3-TF-16P rev3.
+// 4.2.27 - Bugfix LCD showed random characters in SCROLLMODE 2
+// 4.2.26 - EX-IOExpander device driver enhancements
+//        - Enhance I2C error checking
+//        - Introduce delays to _loop to allow room for other I2C device comms
+//        - Improve analogue read reliability
+// 4.2.25 - Bugfix SAMD21 Exrail odd byte boundary
+// 4.2.24 - Bugfix Ethernet shield: Static IP now possible
+// 4.2.23 - Bugfix signalpin2 was not set up in shadow port
+// 4.2.22 - Implement broadcast of Track Manager changes
+// 4.2.21 - Implement non-blocking I2C for EX-IOExpander device driver
+// 4.2.20 - <JG> & <JI> commands for multi-track gauges
+//        - Reinstate <c> but remember its a bit useless when TM involved.   
+// 4.2.19 - Bugfix for analog reading of track current sensor offset.
 // 4.2.18 - I2C Multiplexer support through Extended Addresses,
 //          added for Wire, 4209 and AVR I2C drivers.
 //        - I2C retries when an operation fails.